Internet-based self-help for depression: randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Background: Major depression can be treated by means of cognitive–behavioural therapy but as skilled therapists are in short supply there is a need for self-help approaches. Many individuals with depression use the internet for discussion of symptoms and to share their experience. Aims: To investigate the effects of an internet-administered self-help programme including participation in a monitored, web-based discussion group, compared with participation in web-based discussion group only. Method: A randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy with minimal therapist contact (plus participation in a discussion group) with the effects of participation in a discussion group only. Results: Internet-based therapy with minimal therapist contact, combined with activity in a discussion group, resulted in greater reductions of depressive symptoms compared with activity in a discussion group only (waiting-list control group). At 6 months' follow-up, improvement was maintained to a large extent. Conclusions: Internet-delivered cognitive–behavioural therapy should be pursued further as a complement or treatment alternative for mild-to-moderate depression.
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In studies targeting physical activity or depression, the number of activities completed was not found to correlate with outcomes.
“In studies targeting physical activity [33,34] or depression [45], the number of activities completed was not found to correlate with outcomes.”
From A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
The number of modules completed was found to correlate with outcomes in interventions that targeted cigarette smoking, depression, and anxiety disorders.
“The number of modules completed was found to correlate with outcomes in interventions that targeted cigarette smoking [42,46,47], depression [45,48-51], and anxiety disorders [52-57].”
From A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
Positive affect prospectively predicts lower mortality risk in people with diabetes, independent of negative affect.
“analyses from our research team indicate that positive affect prospectively predicts lower risk of mortality (HR = .86, CI = .78–.96, p = .008) independent of the effect of negative affect [1].”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [1]
Studies of clinical predictors of adherence have typically reported that baseline depression symptom severity is unrelated to adherence in online interventions.
“Studies of clinical predictors of adherence have typically reported that baseline depression symptom severity is unrelated to adherence in online interventions (Andersson et al., 2005;Kenardy, McCafferty, & Rosa, 2003;Warmerdam et al., 2008).”
From Predictors of adherence and outcome in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy delivered in a telephone counseling setting (2014) · cites this paper as Andersson et al., 2005
Other studies included discussion groups as part of an online intervention but failed to include the groups as a unique research variable, so could not identify the impact of the group on intervention effectiveness.
“A number of other studies [28–30] have also included discussion groups delivered in the form of bulletin boards as part of an online intervention but have failed to include the groups as a unique research variable so have been unable to identify the impact of the group on the effectiveness of the intervention.”
Cognitive restructuring, a form of reappraisal, is one of the most common components in Web-based treatments for depression.
“Cognitive restructuring, a form of reappraisal, is one of the most common components in Web-based treatments for depression [24-27].”
From Efficacy of a web-based, crowdsourced peer-to-peer cognitive reappraisal platform for depression: Randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
Previous studies of online intervention for depression in the community using a CBT protocol similar to the current study reported post-treatment effect sizes averaging 1.29 and follow-up effects averaging 1.42, based on samples ranging from 45 to 300.
“An analysis of a number of previous studies of an online intervention for depression in the community and that have used a CBT protocol similar to the intervention in the current study have reported post-treatment effect sizes averaging 1.29, and follow-up effects averaging 1.42, based on samples ranging from 45 – 300 [39,42-48].”
Efficacy of Internet applications has been established for a number of health problems, including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, body image, insomnia, headache, back pain, diabetes management, encopresis, tinnitus, and smoking cessation.
“efficacy (is the intervention successful when delivered under controlled conditions [7]) of Internet applications has now also been established for a number of health problems”
From Directions for the International Society for Research on Internet Interventions (ISRII) (2006) · cites this paper as [18]
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“Randomized controlled trials and a meta-analysis have shown online interventions, mainly with therapeutic guidance, to be effective for common mental health disorders such as depression [17–20] and anxiety [21–23].”
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“7% d/o) NS between completers and noncompleters in baseline depression, quality of life, treatment history, demographic characteristics Yes LOCF BDI MADRSS (completer analysis only) Baseline 10 wks 36 wks 10-wk moderated bulletin board ISG Pre-post armc N = 60 participants with depression (CIDI diagnosis major depress…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIndividually-tailored, internet-based treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
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“In a previous study on Internet treatment of depression, we found no effects from being on a discussion forum (Andersson et al., 2005), but it should be noted that moderated online discussion may have beneficial effects for some patients.”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial
Perini, S., Titov, N., & Andrews, G. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902873722 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Research indicates that Internet-based CaCCBT programmes with email or telephone contact can result in clinically significant improvements in patients with depression [10,15], social phobia [Titov N et al: unpublished data, 2009; 16 21] and panic disorder [22 26], at a level similar to that provided by face-to-face cl…”
BackgroundResultA randomised controlled trial of a self-guided internet intervention promoting well-being
Mitchell, J., Stanimirovic, R., Klein, B., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.02.003 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Depression Andersson et al. (2005), Christensen, Griffiths, and Jorm (2004), Christensen et al.”
BackgroundMohr, D. C., Schueller, S. M., Riley, W. T., Brown, C. H., Cuijpers, P., Duan, N., Kwasny, M. J., Stiles-Shields, C., & Cheung, K. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4391 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“For example, Web-based treatments modeled on standard face-to-face treatments sometimes release new content on a weekly basis [22,23].”
Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression: Current Progress and Future Directions
Webb, C. A., Rosso, I. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000139 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Choi, I., Schwencke, G., & Mahoney, A. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802512107 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Results from recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that clinician-assisted CCBT (CaCCBT) with email or telephone contact can result in clinically significant improvements in patients with high prevalence disorders including social phobia [6 9], depression [10] and panic disorder [11 16].”
BackgroundVernmark, K., Lenndin, J., Bjärehed, J., Carlsson, M., Karlsson, J., Öberg, J., Carlbring, P., Eriksson, T., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.005 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“The aim of this study was to study the effects of structured guided self-help for depression with minimal therapist contact (Andersson et al., 2005) and e-mail therapy with a strong component of individualization.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEstablishing Guidelines for Executing and Reporting Internet Intervention Research
Proudfoot, J., Klein, B., Barak, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., Lange, A., Ritterband, L., & Andersson, G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.573807 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“…studies have demonstrated positive outcomes for a variety of psychological and behavioural health issues, such as depressive symptoms/depression (Andersson et al., 2005; Christensen, Griffiths, & Jorm, 2004; Clarke et al., 2005; Robertson, Smith, Castle, & Tannenbaum, 2006; Ruwaard et al.,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAndersson, G., Paxling, B., Wiwe, M., Vernmark, K., Felix, C. B., Lundborg, L., Furmark, T., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.003 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“The guided internet-based self-help consisted of text chapters dealing with CBT components such as behavioural activation and cognitive restructuring, and had been developed in a previous study (Andersson et al., 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationMorris, R. R., Schueller, S. M., & Picard, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4167 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Whitehead, L. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.005 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Hesser, H., Veilord, A., Svedling, L., Andersson, F., Sleman, O., Mauritzson, L., Sarkohi, A., Claesson, E., Zetterqvist, V., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.022 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“The self-help treatment was based on a programme used in earlier studies (Andersson et al., 2005; Johansson et al., 2012; Vernmark et al., 2010), and consisted of seven text modules (e.”
MethodSelf-citationde Graaf, L. E., Gerhards, S. A. H., Arntz, A., Riper, H., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Evers, S. M. A. A., Severens, J. L., Widdershoven, G., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054429 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“5,28 The mean starting levels on the BDI–II were even higher than generally seen in primary care patients with depression.”
Amstadter, A. B., Broman-Fulks, J., Zinzow, H., Ruggiero, K. J., & Cercone, J. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.001 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Robinson, E., & Spence, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.014 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Kraepelien, M., Bergdahl, M. O., Jungmarker, K., Ankartjärn, L., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4412 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationForsell, E., Bendix, M., Holländare, F., Szymanska von Schultz, B., Nasiell, J., Blomdahl-Wetterholm, M., Eriksson, C., Kvarned, S., Lindau van der Linden, J., Söderberg, E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.013 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“The rest of the treatment was essentially the same as Hedman et al. (2014), and Andersson et al. (2005) but with most examples and case stories changed to be about pregnant or child rearing women.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLewis, C., Pearce, J., & Bisson, J. I. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084756 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“2 According to Bower & Gilbody, 3 the use of minimal interventions as part of a stepped-care model relies on assumptions of efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability .”
Carlbring, P., Hägglund, M., Luthström, A., Dahlin, M., Kadowaki, Å., Vernmark, K., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.020 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationAn online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes
Cohn, M. A., Pietrucha, M. E., Saslow, L. R., Hult, J. R., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.920410 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“The most successful of these interventions have a variety of components and interactive elements to encourage engagement (including Beating the Blues, which is approved for use by the British National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [35,36,37,38,39,40].”
BackgroundRuwaard, J., Schrieken, B., Schrijver, M., Broeksteeg, J., Dekker, J., Vermeulen, H., & Lange, A. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802408086 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Andersson et al. (2005) found a small effect of .2 in the control group, whereas the present study revealed a large effect in the control group (d ¼ .8).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBendelin, N., Hesser, H., Dahl, J., Carlbring, P., Nelson, K. Z., & Andersson, G. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-107 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“giving participants more time to complete treatment or more e-mail contact) might be suitable to increase adherence [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBest Practices in Online Therapy
Abbott, J.-A. M., Klein, B., & Ciechomski, L. (2008) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228830802097257 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“…panic disorder (e.g., Carlbring et al., 2005; Klein et al., 2006), tinnitus distress (Andersson, Strömgren, Ström, & Lyttkens, 2002), depression (Andersson et al., 2005), headaches (Ström, Pettersson, & Andersson, 2000), posttraumatic stress symptoms (Lange, van de Ven, & Schrieken, 2003),…”
BackgroundParikh, S. V., Segal, Z. V., Grigoriadis, S., Ravindran, A. V., Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W., & Patten, S. B. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.042 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Andersson et al. (2005) reported results of an RCT with two arms: the active intervention consisted of internet-delivered CBT with minimal therapist contact and a moderated online discussion group, compared to a control group which received only a separate online discussion group.”
BackgroundShyness 1: Distance Treatment of Social Phobia Over the Internet
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Schwencke, G., Drobny, J., & Einstein, D. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802119762 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Recent results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that Internet programmes supplemented with 53 h of email or telephone contact can result in clinically significant improvements in patients with depression [13], social phobia [14,15], and panic disorder [16 20].”
BackgroundThe Effectiveness of Telemental Health Applications: A Review
Hailey, D., Roine, R., & Ohinmaa, A. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805301109 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Holländare, F., Andersson, G., & Engström, I. (2010) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1392 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Using the Internet to facilitate this kind of “reflective practice” has been suggested previously [4], and in several treatment studies on Internet-based self-help, patients have used online questionnaires to rate their symptoms [5,6].”
BackgroundSpanhel, K., Balci, S., Feldhahn, F., Bengel, J., Baumeister, H., & Sander, L. B. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00498-1 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
An internet-based self-help treatment for fear of public speaking: a controlled trial.
Botella, C., Gallego, M. J., Garcia-Palacios, A., Guillen, V., Baños, R. M., Quero, S., & Alcañiz, M. (2010) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0224 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“…studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Internet-based programs on a variety of problems, 44,45 including eating disorders, 46–48 posttraumatic stress and pathological grief, 49,50 panic disorders, 51 depression, 52–54 severe headaches, 55 tinnitus, 39 insomnia, 56 stress, 57 and chronic pain.”
Internet-delivered psychotherapy for depression in adults
Titov, N. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833ed18f · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Internet-based parent management training: A randomized controlled study
Enebrink, P., Högström, J., Forster, M. O., & Ghaderi, A. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.006 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“panic disorder (Carlbring, Westling, Ljungstrand, Ekselius, & Andersson, 2001), depression (Andersson et al., 2005), and eating disorders (Ljótsson et al.”
BackgroundLang, T. J., Blackwell, S. E., Harmer, C. J., Davison, P., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.855 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Recent innovations have included the adaptation of CBT for computerized delivery via the internet (e.g. Andersson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodJohansson, R., Ekbladh, S., Hebert, A., Lindström, M., Möller, S., Petitt, E., Poysti, S., Larsson, M. H., Rousseau, A., Carlbring, P., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038021 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“They could then choose between the psychodynamic treatment and a previously developed CBT treatment [21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLintvedt, O. K., Griffiths, K. M., Sørensen, K., Østvik, A. R., Wang, C. E. A., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.770 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Clarke, G., Kelleher, C., Hornbrook, M., DeBar, L., Dickerson, J., & Gullion, C. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802675353 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Interventions for mental disorders such as depression have been created for delivery through the Internet (Andersson et al., 2005; Christensen, Griffiths, & Jorm, 2004; Christensen, Griffiths, Mackinnon, & Britliffe, 2006; Clarke et al., 2005 Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005), typically offering variants of evi…”
BackgroundMethodStrategies for mHealth Research: Lessons from 3 Mobile Intervention Studies
Ben‐Zeev, D., Schueller, S. M., Begale, M. J., Duffecy, J. L., Kane, J. M., & Mohr, D. C. (2014) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-014-0556-2 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Work in mHealth ranges from interventions that take content from another medium and provide it in technological formats (e.g., websites that are essential self-help books delivered online, Carlbring et al. 2005; Andersson et al. 2005) to interventions that link principles of behavioral change to the use of technologic…”
BackgroundLillevoll, K. R., Vangberg, H. C. B., Griffiths, K. M., Waterloo, K., & Eisemann, M. R. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-14 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“The positive effect of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) on depression among adults has been documented in randomized controlled trials [10-14] and community populations [15,16].”
BackgroundCarroll, K. M., Ball, S. A., Martino, S., Nich, C., Babuscio, T. A., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.09.015 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Ebert, D. D., Donkin, L., Andersson, G., Andrews, G., Berger, T., Carlbring, P., Rozenthal, A., Choi, I., Laferton, J. A. C., Johansson, R., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001562 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Of the 15 published studies identified from the database search, primary data was obtained from 14 (Andersson et al. 2005; van Straten et al. 2008; Warmerdam et al. 2008; Perini et al. 2009; Ruwaard et al. 2009; Vernmark et al. 2010; Titov et al. 2010; Berger et al. 2011; van Bastelaar et al. 2011;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffect of psychotherapy for depression on quality of life: meta-analysis
Kolovos, S., Kleiboer, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.175059 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Improving access to psychological therapies: Phase IV prospective cohort study
Richards, D. A., & Suckling, R. (2009) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x405178 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Høifødt, R. S., Lillevoll, K. R., Griffiths, K. M., Wilsgaard, T., Eisemann, M., Waterloo, K., & Kolstrup, N. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2714 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“The adherence rate in the present study is comparable to that observed in other online guided interventions, in which adherence varied between 55% and 75% [13,14,23,30,99].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInternet and psychological treatment. How well can they be combined?
Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.009 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationOnline interventions for depression and anxiety – a systematic review
Saddichha, S., Al-Desouki, M., Lamia, A., Linden, I. A., & Krausz, M. (2014) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2014.945934 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“…1 and 2): There were 29 RCTs involving online interventions for depressive disorders, this includes both with and without therapist guidance (Andersson et al., 2005; Andersson, Hesser, Veilord, et al., 2013; Bolier et al., 2013; Carlbring et al., 2013; Christensen et al., 2004; Clarke et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTitov, N., Andrews, G., Robinson, E., Schwencke, G., Johnston, L., Solley, K., & Choi, I. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903179269 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Kaldo, V., Jansson, L., Andersson, E., Andersson, E., Blom, K., et al. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12079 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Crisp, D. A., Christensen, H., Bennett, K., & Farrer, L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053244 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, the only other directly relevant quantitative evaluation of the effect of a depression ISG, involved the Control-arm of an RCT of a CBT-based Internet intervention for depression [19].”
BackgroundMethodSpek, V., Cuijpers, P., Nyklíček, I., Smits, N., Riper, H., Keyzer, J., & Pop, V. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707002590 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“The longest follow-up period so far reported has been 6 months (Andersson et al. 2005).”
BackgroundLappalainen, P., Granlund, A., Siltanen, S., Ahonen, S., Vitikainen, M., Tolvanen, A., & Lappalainen, R. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.006 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Bell, V. (2007) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230701482378 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Most notably, the research into online therapy for anxiety disorders is covered only very briefly, as an excellent review of this area has recently been provided by Andersson et al. (2005a).”
BackgroundMethodDirections for the International Society for Research on Internet Interventions (ISRII)
Ritterband, L. M., Andersson, G., Christensen, H. M., Carlbring, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2006) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8.3.e23 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Andersson, G., Bergström, J., Holländare, F., Carlbring, P., Kaldo, V., & Ekselius, L.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Andersson, Gerhard
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 456-461
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2044237404
- Cited by
- 529
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 25.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Akademiska Sjukhuset
- Uppsala Universitet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- online self-help, major depressive disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, online forums, therapist contact, depressive symptoms, online therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Self Care, Self-Help Groups, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Telemedicine, Internet
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