The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The efficacy of randomised controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process across anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of self-help and face to face CBT for perfectionism in reducing perfectionism and anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. A total of 15 randomised controlled trials of CBT for perfectionism were identified (N = 912 participants; mean pooled age = 23 years) which met inclusion criteria. There were medium or large effect sizes found on perfectionism measures; personal standards (g = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.43–0.72), concern over mistakes (g = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.71–1.08) and clinical perfectionism (g = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.70–1.04). There were medium effects for symptoms of eating disorders (g = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.36–0.87) and depression (g = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.28–0.91), and a small-medium effect on anxiety (g = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.21–0.62). There was no publication bias found. Limitations included the small number of trials included and lack of active treatment comparisons. Results suggested that CBT for perfectionism is efficacious in reducing perfectionism and symptoms of depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Future research should examine comparisons of CBT for perfectionism with other psychological treatments.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over the last two decades, a cognitive behavioural therapy for perfectionism (CBT-P) has been successfully used to modify the standards, concerns, and behaviours of perfectionists (e.g. Egan and Shafran, 2018; Egan et al ., 2016) with the goal of alleviating their symptoms of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders”
From The impact of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism: a reinterpretation through the lens of the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (2024) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“CBT for perfectionism is undoubtedly the leading treatment for perfectionism and has been examined in 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), across a variety of groups (see Galloway et al., 2022).”
From Coming of age: A reflection of the first 21 years of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism (2023) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of treatment has been demon strated via statistical significance (all 15 RCTs included in the Galloway et al., 2022 meta-analysis), in addition to reliable and clinically signif icant change (e.g., Handley et al., 2015; Hoiles et al., 2022; Riley et al., 2007; Shu et al., 2019).”
From Coming of age: A reflection of the first 21 years of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism (2023) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Significant improvement in psychological adjustment after CBT-P was found in a recent meta-analytical review (Galloway et al ., 2022) and discussed in a reflection of the first 21 years of the intervention (Shafran et al ., 2023).”
From The impact of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism: a reinterpretation through the lens of the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (2024) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Despite 15 randomised controlled trials which have demonstrated the efficacy of CBT for perfectionism in reducing perfectionism and symptoms of anxiety, depression and eating disorders, strong responses to this work continue to appear in the literature.”
From Coming of age: A reflection of the first 21 years of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism (2023) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“CBT for perfectionism is undoubtedly the leading treatment for perfectionism and has been examined in 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), across a variety of groups (see Galloway et al., 2022).”
From Coming of age: A reflection of the first 21 years of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism (2023) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A strength of the literature to date is that across the 15 randomised controlled trials of CBT for perfectionism, the treatment has been delivered in a variety of different modalities, age ranges and populations.”
From Coming of age: A reflection of the first 21 years of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism (2023) · cites this paper as Galloway et al., 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
The dimensions of perfectionism
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172967 · Cited by 4,279
Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments
(2005) · doi:10.1002/0470870168 · Cited by 2,368
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8 · Cited by 1,966
Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,442
Undue reliance on I 2 in assessing heterogeneity may mislead
Rücker, G., Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J. R., & Schumacher, M. (2008) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-79 · Cited by 1,287
Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive behavioural analysis
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00059-6 · Cited by 984
Self-citationPerfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: A clinical review
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.009 · Cited by 961
Self-citationTransdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions.
Dalgleish, T., Black, M., Johnston, D., & Bevan, A. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000482 · Cited by 883
Understanding the Intention-to-treat Principle in Randomized Controlled Trials
McCoy, E. (2017) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2017.8.35985 · Cited by 767
The Relationship between Perfectionism and Psychopathology: A Meta-analysis
Limburg, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S., & Egan, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22435 · Cited by 602
Self-citationInternet-Delivered Psychological Treatments
Andersson, G. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093006 · Cited by 595
Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking.
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Gray, L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1363 · Cited by 405
Stoeber, J., & Gaudreau, P. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.039 · Cited by 203
Prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials
Watson, H. J., Joyce, T., French, E., Willan, V., Kane, R. T., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., McCormack, J., Dawkins, H., Hoiles, K. J., & Egan, S. J. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22577 · Cited by 199
Self-citationDevelopment of a quality assessment instrument for trials of treatments for depression and neurosis
Moncrieff, J., Churchill, R., Drummond, D. C., & McGuire, H. (2001) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.108 · Cited by 185
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Perfectionism
Egan, S. J., & Shafran, R. (2017) · The Psychology of Perfectionism · doi:10.4324/9781315536255-19 · Cited by 181
Self-citationRiley, C., Lee, M., Cooper, Z., Fairburn, C. G., & Shafran, R. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.003 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“analysis of CBT for perfectionism including eight studies (Arpin-Cribbie et al., 2012; Egan & Hine, 2008; Glover et al., 2007; Pleva & Wade, 2007; Radhu et al., 2012; Riley et al., 2007; Steele & Wade, 2008; Steele et al., 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationSteele, A. L., & Wade, T. D. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.006 · Cited by 138
Guided self-help versus pure self-help for perfectionism: A randomised controlled trial
Pleva, J., & Wade, T. D. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.009 · Cited by 106
Egan, S. J., van Noort, E., Chee, A., Kane, R. T., Hoiles, K. J., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.009 · Cited by 101
Self-citationA Randomised Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Perfectionism
Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.02.006 · Cited by 99
Self-citationWilksch, S. M., Durbridge, M., & Wade, T. D. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181799f4a · Cited by 96
Radhu, N., Daskalakis, Z. J., Arpin-Cribbie, C. A., Irvine, J., & Ritvo, P. (2012) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.630703 · Cited by 94
James, K., & Rimes, K. A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0817-8 · Cited by 87
Perfectionism interventions targeting disordered eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Robinson, K., & Wade, T. D. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23483 · Cited by 86
Changes in perfectionism following cognitive-behavioral treatment for social phobia
Ashbaugh, A. R., Antony, M. M., Liss, A., Summerfeldt, L. J., McCabe, R. E., & Swinson, R. P. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20219 · Cited by 85
Shafran, R., Wade, T. D., Egan, S. J., Kothari, R., Allcott-Watson, H., Carlbring, P., Rozental, A., & Andersson, G. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.014 · Cited by 79
Self-citationSuh, H., Sohn, H., Kim, T., & Lee, D.-G. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000355 · Cited by 78
Rozental, A., Shafran, R., Wade, T., Egan, S., Nordgren, L. B., Carlbring, P., Landström, A., Roos, S., Skoglund, M., Thelander, E., et al. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.015 · Cited by 76
Self-citationClinical Perfectionism Questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t59141-000 · Cited by 76
Self-citationA preliminary evaluation of cognitive‐behaviour therapy for clinical perfectionism: A case series
Glover, D. S., Brown, G. P., Fairburn, C. G., & Shafran, R. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x117388 · Cited by 75
Self-citationWeb-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for perfectionism: A randomized controlled trial
Arpin-Cribbie, C., Irvine, J., & Ritvo, P. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.637242 · Cited by 72
Treatment of Eating Disorders can not Remain ‘Brainless’: The Case for Brain‐Directed Treatments
Schmidt, U. H., & Campbell, I. C. (2013) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2257 · Cited by 70
Steele, A. L., Waite, S., Egan, S. J., Finnigan, J., Handley, A. K., & Wade, T. D. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000628 · Cited by 65
Self-citationCognitive Behavioural Treatment of Perfectionism: A Single Case Experimental Design Series
Egan, S. J., & Hine, P. (2008) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.25.4.245 · Cited by 59
Self-citationShu, C. Y., Watson, H. J., Anderson, R. A., Wade, T. D., Kane, R. T., & Egan, S. J. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103429 · Cited by 59
Self-citationLloyd, S., Fleming, C., Schmidt, U. H., & Tchanturia, K. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2313 · Cited by 47
Lowndes, T. A., Egan, S. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1490810 · Cited by 34
Self-citationFocus on perfectionism in female adolescent anorexia nervosa
Hurst, K., & Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22417 · Cited by 34
Levinson, C. A., Brosof, L. C., Vanzhula, I. A., Bumberry, L., Zerwas, S. C., & Bulik, C. M. (2017) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2557 · Cited by 32
Kothari, R., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Rozental, A., Egan, S., Wade, T., Allcott-Watson, H., Andersson, G., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.007 · Cited by 32
Self-citationGrieve, P., Egan, S. J., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1928276 · Cited by 29
Self-citationThe Treatment of Perfectionism within the Eating Disorders: A Pilot Study
Goldstein, M., Peters, L., Thornton, C. E., & Touyz, S. W. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2281 · Cited by 28
Wade, T. D., Kay, E., de Valle, M. K., Egan, S. J., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12193 · Cited by 27
Self-citationTchanturia, K., Larsson, E., & Adamson, J. (2016) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2467 · Cited by 23
Rozental, A., Shafran, R., Wade, T. D., Kothari, R., Egan, S. J., Ekberg, L., Wiss, M., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9823 · Cited by 23
Self-citationTarrier, N., & Wykes, T. (2004) · Textbook of Clinical Trials · doi:10.1002/0470020245.ch18 · Cited by 21
Valentine, E., Bodill, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S., Kane, R. T., Anderson, R., & Egan, S. J. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22888 · Cited by 19
Self-citationLarsson, E., Lloyd, S., Westwood, H., & Tchanturia, K. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316660183 · Cited by 14
Sadri, S. K., Anderson, R., McEvoy, P. M., Kane, R. T., & Egan, S. J. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465816000618 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- JASP Team, 2020, JASP (Version 0.14.1) [Computer software]
- Klauer K. J., 2001, Handbuch kognitives training [Handbook of cognitive training]
- 10.1002/erv.2313 · DOI
- Rosenthal R., 1991, Essentials of behavioural research: Methods and data analysis
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stackpole, R., Greene, D., Bills, E., & Egan, S. J. (2023) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101769 · Cited by 102
Self-citationLunn, J., Greene, D., Callaghan, T., & Egan, S. J. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2211736 · Cited by 75
“CBT-P has demonstrated efficacy in the reduction of symptoms of anxiety and depression in over 15 randomised controlled trials in a recent meta-analysis of studies of CBT-P predominately in adults (Galloway et al., 2022).”
MethodSelf-citationCallaghan, T., Greene, D., Shafran, R., Lunn, J., & Egan, S. J. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2277121 · Cited by 77
“…be a shared maintaining process across multiple disorders (Egan et al., 2011), and as outlined in this review is linked to many different symptoms, CBT-P may be an effective transdiagnostic treatment for perfectionism and symptoms of anxiety, depression and eating disorders (Galloway et al., 2022).”
Self-citationComing of age: A reflection of the first 21 years of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism
Shafran, R., Egan, S. J., & Wade, T. D. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104258 · Cited by 30
Self-citationEgan, S. J., Johnson, C., Wade, T. D., Carlbring, P., Raghav, S., & Shafran, R. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100711 · Cited by 32
“Meta-analyses have demonstrated CBT-P is efficacious in the reduction of perfectionism and symptoms of anxiety, depression and eating disorders (Galloway et al., 2022; Robinson and Wade, 2021), with no difference in efficacy between face-to-face or internet delivered formats (Suh et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Galloway, R., Watson, H., Greene, D., Shafran, R., & Egan, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Egan, Sarah J.
- Venue
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-08-04
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 170-184
- ISSN
- 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
- 1651-2316
- OpenAlex
- W4229072348
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- not funded
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- perfectionism, self-help intervention, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, transdiagnostic mechanisms, concern over mistakes, personal standards, clinical perfectionism, treatment efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
