Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking.
Abstract
Five studies tested the hypotheses that there are individual differences in the frequency of automatic thoughts involving perfectionism and that these thoughts are associated with psychological distress. Research with the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI) established that this new measure has adequate psychometric properties, and high PCI scorers tend to spontaneously report perfectionistic thoughts in naturalistic situations. Additional research confirmed that frequent perfectionism thoughts account for unique variance in distress, over and above variance predicted by standard measures of negative automatic thoughts and trait perfectionism measures. Overall, the findings support the view that personality traits involved in depression and anxiety have a cognitive component involving ruminative thoughts and that activation of this cognitive personality component contributes to distress.
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This account of the role of negative self-evaluations in the expectancy-assessment process and subsequent self-regulation failure dovetails with the emotion regulation models of procrastination and with the proposed associations between negative affect and end-state thinking in perfectionistic concerns.
“This account of the role of negative self-evaluations in the expectancy-assessment process and subsequent self-regulation failure dovetails with the emotion regulation models of procrastination (Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Sirois & Pychyl, 2013), and with the proposed associations between negative affect and end-state thinking in perfectionistic concerns (Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray,”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray, 1998
For individuals high in perfectionistic concerns, negative affect arising from the expectancy-assessment process may activate ruminative brooding and end-state thinking that shifts focus to the negative feelings surrounding the goal rather than to ways of taking instrumental action to attain the goal.
“For individuals high in perfectionistic concerns, negative affect arising from the expectancy-assessment process may activate ruminative brooding and end-state thinking that shifts focus to the negative feelings surrounding the goal rather than to ways of taking instrumental action to attain the goal (Flett et al., 1998; Flett, Hewitt, & Nepon, 2016; L. L. Martin & Tesser, 1989).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Flett et al., 1998
Perfectionism can also be viewed as the frequency with which automatic perfectionistic thoughts are experienced, and as a self-presentation style characterized by defensive self-concealment.
“perfectionism can also be viewed as the frequency with which automatic perfectionistic thoughts are experienced (e.g., Perfectionistic Cognitions Inventory (PCI); Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein & Gray, 1998), and as a self-presentation style characterized by defensive selfconcealment (e.g., Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS); Hewitt et al., 2003).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein & Gray, 1998
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- Authors
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Gray, L.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1363-1381
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4240137468
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- psychological distress, perfectionism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Admission, Personality Inventory, Reference Values, Stress, Psychological, Thinking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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