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Examining links between social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing problems among Italian primary school children
Abstract
The study aimed to explore links between social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing problems among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were N = 748 children (387 girls) aged 7–11 years (M = 8.91, SD = 1.07) attending primary schools in Italy. Children completed an online questionnaire assessing subtypes of social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, social avoidance, unsociability) and indices of internalizing problems (i.e., social anxiety, loneliness, depression). Among the results, shyness was positively associated with social anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Unsociability was related to depression but not to social anxiety and loneliness. Social avoidance was positively related to loneliness and depression (particularly among older children) and negatively associated with social anxiety (particularly among boys). Results are also discussed in terms of the implications of the different subtypes of social withdrawal in late childhood and early adolescence.
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A few cross-sectional studies examined loneliness with overall internalizing symptoms (3 out of 31) or externalizing symptoms (2 out of 30).
“A few researchers examined loneliness with overall internalizing symptoms (e.g., composite of anxiety, depression, and/or somatization symptoms [33,47]; 3 studies out of 31) or externalizing symptoms (e.g., composite of attention problems, aggressive behavior [33]; 2 out of 30).”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
Studies on internalizing symptoms found significant positive correlations.
“The studies on internalizing symptoms found significant positive correlations, such as ranges from r = 0.35, p < 0.05 [33] to r = 0.90, p < 0.001 [47].”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sette, S., Zava, F., Baumgartner, E., Laghi, F., & Coplan, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Roma Tre University (IT)
- Carleton University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sette, Stefania
- Venue
- European Journal of Developmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-06-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 268-286
- ISSN
- 1740-5610 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-5629
- OpenAlex
- W4281738770
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Iris (Roma Tre University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- public, commercial, or not-for-profit
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- social withdrawal, shyness, social avoidance, unsociability, internalizing problems, social anxiety, loneliness, depression, COVID-19 pandemic, elementary school students, late childhood, early adolescence, sex differences
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