Social Withdrawal in Childhood

Rubin, Kenneth H.; Coplan, Robert J.; Bowker, Julie C.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642

Cited by 1,503Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBullying, Victimization, and AggressionEarly Childhood Education and Development

Social Withdrawal in Childhood

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Rubin, Kenneth H., Coplan, Robert J., Bowker, Julie C.·2009·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642PMC PMC3800115

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Abstract

Socially withdrawn children frequently refrain from social activities in the presence of peers. The lack of social interaction in childhood may result from a variety of causes, including social fear and anxiety or a preference for solitude. From early childhood through to adolescence, socially withdrawn children are concurrently and predictively at risk for a wide range of negative adjustment outcomes, including socio-emotional difficulties (e.g., anxiety, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and internalizing problems), peer difficulties (e.g., rejection, victimization, poor friendship quality), and school difficulties (e.g., poor-quality teacher-child relationships, academic difficulties, school avoidance). The goals of the current review are to (a) provide some definitional, theoretical, and methodological clarity to the complex array of terms and constructs previously employed in the study of social withdrawal; (b) examine the predictors, correlates, and consequences of child and early-adolescent social withdrawal; and (c) present a developmental framework describing pathways to and from social withdrawal in childhood.

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Research has shown that inhibited or avoidant temperament in as early as infancy can elicit protective parental behaviors and negative interactions with same-aged peers, that may increase the individual's threat perception of social interactions and exacerbate social-evaluative anxiety over time.
“Research has shown that inhibited or avoidant temperament in as early as infancy can elicit protective parental behaviors and negative interactions with same-aged peers (162, 163), that may increase the individual's threat perception of social interactions and exacerbate social-evaluative anxiety over time.”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [163]
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These findings support a transactional model of the co-development of AS and SAS in early adolescence.
“in support of a transactional model of the co-development of AS and SAS in early adolescence [41].”
From Co-Development of Anxious Solitude and Social Anxiety Symptoms from Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence: Increased Transactions After the Middle School Transition (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
Loneliness is one of the factors associated with social withdrawal.
“Self-compassion may also be associated with hikikomori, because self-compassion is associated with loneliness [22] and loneliness is one of the factors associated with social withdrawal [23].”
From Psychological factors associated with social withdrawal (Hikikomori) (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
These adolescents may miss out on opportunities to create meaningful relationships and gain confidence in their social abilities, which may ultimately exacerbate emotional problems over time.
“Consequently, these adolescents may miss out on opportunities to create meaningful relationships and gain confidence in their social abilities, which may ultimately exacerbate emotional problems over time (Rubin et al., 2009).”
From A cross‐lagged twin study of emotional symptoms, social isolation and peer victimisation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as Rubin et al., 2009

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Interpersonal Problem Solving and Social Competence in Children
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Nonsocial Play in Preschoolers: Necessarily Evil?
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Rubin KH Hemphill SA Chen X Hastings P Sanson A 2006b Parenting beliefs and behaviors: initial findings from the International Consortium for the Study of Social and Emotional Development (ICSSED) Parental Beliefs, Parenting, and Child Development in Cross-Cultural Perspective Rubin KH Chung OB 81 103 London Psychol. Press
World Health Org 1994 Pocket Guide to the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Washington, DC Am Psychiatr Press

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Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups
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Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after
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Peer Relationships, Child Development, and Adjustment: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
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Schneider, B. H., Atkinson, L. R., & Tardif, C. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.1.86 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
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The Best Friendships of Shy/Withdrawn Children: Prevalence, Stability, and Relationship Quality
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Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Bowker, J. C. (2015) · Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy405 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
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Social Information Processing and Coping Strategies of Shy/Withdrawn and Aggressive Children: Does Friendship Matter?
Burgess, K. B., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rubin, K. H., Rose‐Krasnor, L., & Booth‐LaForce, C. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00876.x · Cited by 327 · see citing works
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Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety
Degnan, K. A., Almas, A. N., & Fox, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02228.x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Trajectories of Social Withdrawal from Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence
Oh, W., Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Booth‐LaForce, C., Rose‐Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. P. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9199-z · Cited by 286 · see citing works
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Alone is a crowd: social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood.
Coplan, R., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., Kingsbury, A., Kingsbury, M., & Bullock, A. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028861 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
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The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model
Wong, Q. J. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.069 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
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Wachs, T. D. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10344-000 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
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Authors: Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Carleton University (CA)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
ORCID: Rubin, Kenneth H.
Coplan, Robert J.
Bowker, Julie C.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2009-01-01
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 141-171
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
PMC: PMC3800115
OpenAlex: W2112601421
Cited by: 1,503
References: 506
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 6.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH058116)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: social withdrawal, social anxiety, peer rejection, victimization, social-emotional problems, internalizing problems, self-esteem, school problems, teacher-child relationship, academic difficulties, school refusal, developmental pathways, early adolescence, friendship quality
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Affective Symptoms, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Learning Disabilities, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Phobic Disorders, Rejection, Psychology, Risk Factors, Shyness, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Socialization, Temperament, Parenting, Crime Victims

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Social Withdrawal in Childhood

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