The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 53 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Lack of physical activity (PA) and high levels of sedentary behaviour (SB) have been associated with health problems. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of school-based interventions to increase PA and decrease SB among 15–19-year-old adolescents, and examines whether intervention characteristics (intervention length, delivery mode and intervention provider) and intervention content (i.e. behaviour change techniques, BCTs) are related to intervention effectiveness. A systematic search of randomised or cluster randomised controlled trials with outcome measures of PA and/or SB rendered 10 results. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Intervention content was coded using Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1. Seven out of 10 studies reported significant increases in PA. Effects were generally small and short-term (Cohen's d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659). Two out of four studies that measured SB reported significant reductions in SB. Interventions that increased PA included a higher number of BCTs, specific BCTs (e.g., goal setting, action planning and self-monitoring), and were delivered by research staff. Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness. More studies are needed that evaluate long-term intervention effectiveness and target SBs among older adolescents.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review found limited evidence that school-based interventions can increase physical activity (PA) among 15–19-year-olds in the short term, with 7 of 10 trials showing significant PA increases and generally small effects. Evidence for reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) was sparse, and no long-term effects were demonstrated.
Key findings
- Seven of 10 included studies reported significant increases in PA; effect sizes were generally small and short-term (Cohen’s d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659). Two of four studies measuring SB reported significant reductions in SB.
- Effective PA interventions focused on PA or PA and SB only, were mostly delivered by researchers (6 of 7 effective interventions), and included more behaviour change techniques (BCTs): mean 10.5 BCTs (range 5–20) in effective interventions vs. mean 4 BCTs (range 3–6) in ineffective interventions.
- BCTs unique to effective interventions were Information about social and environmental consequences, Graded tasks, Self-monitoring of behaviour, Feedback on behaviour, Problem solving, Goal setting (behaviour), Action planning, and Social support (unspecified). Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness.
- None of the four studies with follow-up beyond one month post-intervention reported significant between-group differences, and no included study focused solely on SB.
Methods
- Systematic review of randomised or cluster randomised controlled trials of school-based interventions targeting PA and/or SB among 15–19-year-old adolescents; searches covered Medline, Cinahl, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane registers up to February 2013, yielding 8470 references, 5482 after duplicate removal, and 10 unique intervention studies (13 articles).
- Data extraction covered trial/sample/intervention characteristics and outcomes; risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool; intervention content was coded using Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1.
- Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated at first post-intervention follow-up; effective trials were defined as those with a significant between-group PA difference (p < .05); BCT effectiveness was explored by presence in a majority of effective trials but not/only once in non-effective trials, plus effectiveness ratios.
Limitations
- The paper states that included studies generally had weak methodological quality, small sample sizes, and high risk of bias; only three studies used objective PA measurement and only one objectively assessed SB, while most relied on self-report, risking recall and social desirability bias.
- The paper states there was a lack of long-term follow-ups, possible positive bias from volunteer participants, poor reporting of intervention content, and too few heterogeneous studies to conduct a meta-analysis; possible publication bias is also raised, and BCT effectiveness conclusions are described as tentative.
- The paper states control group interventions were insufficiently described to code BCTs, and no studies focused solely on SB, making SB-specific BCT conclusions impossible; evident from the text, only three non-effective studies were available for comparison, and no study demonstrated long-lasting PA effects.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
54 Own result · 39 Not checked yet · 23 Own method · 7 No basis given · 3 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness.”
- Also stated in: § Intervention characteristics · hedged
“There appeared to be no systematic differences in delivery mode between effective versus non-effective interventions.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Intervention characteristics · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two out of four studies that measured SB reported significant reductions in SB.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effects were generally small and short-term (Cohen's d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659).”
- Also stated in: § Intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary behaviours · plain
“The effect sizes (Cohen's d) post-intervention ranged from small to medium (0.132–0.659).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Effect sizes calculated from different physical activity measures and at the first post-intervention follow-up are comparable across studies.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported physical activity measures used in the included studies are valid enough to assess intervention effects.
- Also stated in: § Intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary behaviours · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness.”
- Also stated in: § Intervention characteristics · hedged
“Intervention length appeared unrelated to intervention effectiveness.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Intervention characteristics · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven out of 10 studies reported significant increases in PA.”
- Also stated in: § Intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary behaviours · plain
“Seven studies showed significant differences in PA between intervention and control groups post-intervention”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported physical activity measures used in the included studies are valid enough to assess intervention effects.
- Also stated in: § Intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary behaviours · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median length of intervention was 12 weeks.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight studies compared one intervention group against one control group”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention and comparison arms
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The non-weighed mean attrition percentage (where reported) at first follow-up post intervention was 16.2% (SD = 16.8%) ranging from 0% to 54.1%.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Study characteristics and participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven out of 10 studies relied exclusively on self-report methods to measure PA.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported physical activity measures used in the included studies are valid enough to assess intervention effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and an average of four BCTs (range = 3–6) in ineffective interventions.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interventions that increased PA included a higher number of BCTs, specific BCTs (e.g., goal setting, action planning and self-monitoring), and were delivered by research staff.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Published intervention materials accurately reflect the behaviour change techniques actually delivered in the interventions.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A final study compared three types of theory-based persuasive leaflets to increase PA (leaflet alone, leaflet plus a motivational quiz, and leaflet plus implementation intention prompt) against a no-leaflet control group”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention and comparison arms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average sample size was 593 (SD = 757), ranging from 78 to 2155 older adolescents.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Study characteristics and participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 10 studies only three used objective PA measurement: two used pedometers (Lee et al., 2012; Schofield et al., 2005) and one used accelerometers (Slootmaker et al., 2010).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the interventions delivered face-to-face also included written materials, such as textbooks, logbooks, postcards and homework assignments.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BCTs unique to effective interventions were Information about social and environmental consequences, Graded tasks, Self-monitoring of behaviour, Feedback on behaviour, Problem solving, Goal setting (behaviour), Action planning and Social support (unspecified).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the included studies were individually randomised controlled trials (Lubans & Sylva, 2006; Slootmaker et al., 2010) and eight were cluster randomised trials”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Study characteristics and participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five of seven interventions that increased PA targeted PA or PA and SB only (Hill et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012; Lubans & Sylva, 2006; Schofield et al., 2005; Slootmaker et al., 2010), whereas two targeted multiple behaviours related to energy balance, including dietary behaviour”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four interventions were only aimed at female adolescents (Bayne-Smith et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2012; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2010; Schofield et al., 2005) and six were aimed at both sexes”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Study characteristics and participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining studies used proxy measures of TV viewing (Mauriello et al., 2010); TV viewing, playing board games and attending tuition classes (Singhal et al., 2010); and blocks of sedentary activity using the Self-reported Total Physical Activity (3-DPAR) questionnaire (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2010).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five studies targeted only PA or PA and SB outcomes (Hill et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012; Lubans & Sylva, 2006; Schofield et al., 2005; Slootmaker et al., 2010). The five other studies targeted other outcomes as well”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intervention length ranged from one intervention session (Hill et al., 2007) to nine months (Gomes de Barros et al., 2009).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The search provided 5482 records (see Figure 1) out of which 13 articles reporting 10 unique intervention studies were identified for inclusion in the review”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All 10 studies reported PA outcomes and four studies reported SB outcomes as well”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One study compared two intervention groups against a control group”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention and comparison arms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two out of 10 interventions were delivered by trained school staff and PE teachers (Bayne-Smith et al., 2004; Gomes de Barros et al., 2009) and seven by researchers (Hill et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012; Lubans & Sylva, 2006; Mauriello et al., 2010; Schofield et al., 2005; Singhal et al., 2010; Slootmaker et al., 2010).”
- Also stated in: § Intervention characteristics · plain
“One study utilised trained PE teachers, community guests and intervention staff for programme delivery (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2010).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Intervention characteristics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two interventions were delivered via an interactive, individualised computer program (Mauriello et al., 2010; Slootmaker et al., 2010), and one solely via leaflets (Hill et al., 2007). The remaining seven interventions were delivered face-to-face in groups”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two interventions used pedometers (Lee et al., 2012; Schofield et al., 2005) and one study used accelerometers (Slootmaker et al., 2010) as an intervention strategy.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Goal setting and Action planning were techniques emphasised in effective trials, and complementing BCTs such as Self-monitoring of behaviour, Feedback on behaviour and Problem solving were unique to effective trials.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effectiveness was unrelated to length of intervention or mode of delivery.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Restructuring the physical environment was present in only three interventions, two of which were effective and one non-effective.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trials with significant effects on PA focused on PA or PA and SB only and tended to use researchers as providers.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioural practice was present in all three ineffective trials but only in two out of seven effective interventions.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the effects have been small, short-term and have largely differed between interventions”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biddle, O'Connell, & Braithwaite, 2011
- Not checked yetcites De Meester, van Lenthe, Spittaels, Lien, & De Bourdaedhuij, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Demetriou & Höner, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, no recent review has focused solely on interventions targeting older adolescents, and evidence in this age group is lacking.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Older adolescents differ from younger age groups in developmental stage and need different intervention strategies.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children and adolescents are recommended to engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) each day”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Strong et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“effects are mostly seen in school-related PA while effects outside of this context in leisure time and commuting PA are often not observed or assessed”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kriemler et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their review on interventions that target parents to improve children's weight-related nutrition intake and activity patterns, Golley et al. (2011) found that effective interventions included: Prompting barrier identification, Restructuring the home environment, Prompting self-monitoring and Prompting specific goal setting.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Golley et al. (2011)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on effects of school-based interventions targeting obesity-related behaviours showed that more effective interventions generally lasted at least three months”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Safron et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Cochrane risk of bias tool (Higgins et al., 2011) was used for assessing risk of bias in the included articles”
- Also stated in: § Assessing risk of bias · plain
“Two researchers (STH and MC) independently assessed the quality of all studies that met the inclusion criteria.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Assessing risk of bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Higgins et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Assessing risk of bias · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The screening of the remaining references was conducted in three phases by two researchers (STH and MVS) working independently.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Study selection and search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In childhood obesity prevention interventions, only Prompting generalisation of target behaviour was shown to be related to intervention effectiveness”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martin et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All included interventions were then coded independently. Inter-rater reliability was assessed and percent agreement on BCTs present in the descriptions was high (83.3%). Discrepancies between both primary coders were discussed and resolved with a third researcher (WH) who is a member of the BCTT v1 team.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Coding the behaviour change techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The protocol for this systematic review was published in PROSPERO – International prospective register of systematic reviews”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hynynen et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a review of interventions targeting obesity and weight-related nutrition and PA behaviours in children both in the home and school/community setting (Hendrie et al., 2012) suggested that interventions including a higher number of BCTs were associated with better outcomes.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hendrie et al., 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the remaining 36 BCTs inter-rater reliability was good for 28 BCTs (percentage agreement ranging from 75% to 100%) and sub-optimal (< 75%) for the remaining eight, due to their infrequent inclusion in the descriptions.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We analysed BCT effectiveness using a method modified from one used in Martin et al.'s (2013) systematic review on childhood obesity prevention and management interventions.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Assessing intervention and BCT effectiveness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martin et al.'s (2013)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to extracting BCTs from included intervention studies, the two coders piloted consistency in their BCT coding by coding three intervention reports that were not included in the review as they targeted a different age group.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Coding the behaviour change techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data extraction was carried out by one researcher (STH) and verified by a second (MVS or another researcher).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Study selection and search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In community- and school-based interventions to target obesity-related behaviours in 1–18-year-old children, three BCTs were associated with effectiveness: Providing general information on behaviour – health links, Prompting practice, and Planning for social support/social changes”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hendrie et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The BCT coding was conducted by two researchers (STH and MVS) using Michie et al.’s (2013) behaviour change technique taxonomy (BCTT v1).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Coding the behaviour change techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie et al. (2013)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inter-rater reliability was calculated (average percentage agreement 74%).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Methods > Assessing risk of bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies provided no descriptions of intervention strategies aimed specifically at changing SB, which made it impossible to identify the BCTs effective in reducing SB, and make a distinction with PA.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the conclusions on associations and relationships between intervention components and intervention effectiveness presented in this review are based on a small number of studies and descriptive rather than quantitative analysis.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another major limitation in this area, as noted in earlier systematic reviews as well (e.g., van Sluijs et al., 2007), is the lack of long-term follow-ups and, consequently, a lack of evidence regarding long-term effectiveness.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Sluijs et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Control group treatment differed widely in the 10 trials and was altogether insufficiently described in the studies.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the studies were so superficially described that it was difficult to draw conclusions on intervention elements related to effectiveness; from some it was difficult to even tell who delivered the intervention.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown that school-based PA interventions work better for girls than boys (Yildirim et al., 2011)”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yildirim et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the methodological quality of the included studies was weak, with relatively small sample sizes and a high risk of bias.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this BCT is coded whenever the information provided is unspecified in the intervention description (Michie et al., 2013).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scarcity of reported studies in this age group and the fact that only three non-effective studies were found in the literature search also raises a serious question of possible risk of publication bias in this research field.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the BCT Taxonomy v1 all of these different actions are coded under one technique: Restructuring the physical environment.”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Schools reach a majority of the target adolescent population.
“Schools are a promising setting for health promotion interventions aimed at adolescents, since they reach a majority of the target population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adolescents differ from younger age groups in developmental stage and need different intervention strategies.
“These previous studies have disregarded the possibility that age groups differ in developmental stages and thus require different intervention strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Published intervention materials accurately reflect the behaviour change techniques actually delivered in the interventions.
“All published materials (e.g., intervention protocols) of the included trials were used to characterise intervention content.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Effect sizes calculated from different physical activity measures and at the first post-intervention follow-up are comparable across studies.
“For each study, intervention effects (Cohen's d) for PA and SB were calculated at the first follow-up post-intervention. This was the only outcome measurement point after baseline that was reported in all included studies. Therefore, we selected this point in time to compare the effects across studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported physical activity measures used in the included studies are valid enough to assess intervention effects.
“Seven out of 10 studies relied exclusively on self-report methods to measure PA.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first systematic review to investigate school-based interventions targeting PA and SB among 15–19-year-old adolescents, characterising intervention content using BCT Taxonomy v1, and linking intervention characteristics to effectiveness.
“To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to investigate school-based interventions targeting PA and SB among 15–19-year-old adolescents, characterising intervention content using the BCT Taxonomy v1, and linking intervention characteristics to intervention effectiveness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Individuals who seek to participate in a PA intervention are more motivated to increase their PA than their age cohort in general.
“It is quite evident that individuals who seek to participate in a PA intervention are more motivated to increase their level of PA than their age cohort in general.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a marked drop in PA levels during adolescence and a high level of SB, making this age group an especially important target for public health efforts.
“As there is a marked drop in PA levels during adolescence, and a high level of SB, this age group is an especially important target for public health efforts.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the majority of existing systematic reviews have included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs)16, 17, 20 and/or controlled trials.19, 30, 31, 34”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“One exception is a review by Hynynen et al.,17 who suggested that future research should acknowledge that MVPA and ST require different intervention strategies.”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Few systematic reviews have considered SB interventions within a school setting.17, 18, 35”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
“BCTs unique to effective interventions were Information about social and environmental consequences, Graded tasks, Self-monitoring of behaviour, Feedback on behaviour, Problem solving, Goal setting (behaviour), Action planning and Social support (unspecified).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
“| Goal setting (behaviour) | X | X | X | X | | X | | | X | | 6 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
“BCTs unique to effective interventions were Information about social and environmental consequences, Graded tasks, Self-monitoring of behaviour, Feedback on behaviour, Problem solving, Goal setting (behaviour), Action planning and Social support (unspecified).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
“| Social support (unspecified) | X | | X | X | | | X | X | | | 5 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
“BCTs unique to effective interventions were Information about social and environmental consequences, Graded tasks, Self-monitoring of behaviour, Feedback on behaviour, Problem solving, Goal setting (behaviour), Action planning and Social support (unspecified).”
§ A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents > Results > Intervention characteristics
“| Action planning | | X | X | X | | X | | | X | | 5 |”
Citations
Cites
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., Sterne, J. A. C., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928 · Cited by 33,817
Dermyshi, E., Wang, Y., Yan, C., Hong, W., Qiu, G., Gong, X., & Zhang, T. (2017) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000454668 · Cited by 24,586
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6 · Cited by 7,629 · cited 3×
“Yet no studies so far have systematically sought to explain this variability by analysing intervention content (see Abraham & Michie, 2008; Michie et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationProcess evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance
Moore, G. F., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., Moore, L., O'Cathain, A., Tinati, T., Wight, D., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h1258 · Cited by 6,204 · cited 2×
“…staff were more effective than those delivered by school staff or other providers, we suggest that in future research careful process evaluation (Moore et al., 2015) is conducted to examine acceptability and fidelity of the intervention and to understand whether public health interventions can…”
BackgroundSelf-citationJanssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40 · Cited by 4,829
A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents
SALLIS, J. F., PROCHASKA, J. J., & TAYLOR, W. C. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014 · Cited by 4,421
Evidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Youth
Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J. R., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A. C., Must, A., Nixon, P. A., Pivarnik, J. M., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055 · Cited by 4,222 · cited 2×
“To achieve and maintain good health, children and adolescents are recommended to engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorousintensity physical activity (MVPA) each day (Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010; Strong et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPenedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013 · Cited by 2,851 · cited 1×
“CONTACT S-T Hynynen sini.hynynen@kuulas.fi *Present address: School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Finland. among children and adolescents (Biddle, Gorely, & Stensel, 2004; Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010; Penedo & Dahn, 2005).”
BackgroundA taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions
Abraham, C., & Michie, S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379 · Cited by 2,525 · cited 2×
“Yet no studies so far have systematically sought to explain this variability by analysing intervention content (see Abraham & Michie, 2008; Michie et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Currie C., 2012, Social determinants of health and well-being among young people
- Janssen I., 2010, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 1
- Ministry of Social and Health Affairs, 2015, SIT LESS - FEEL BETTER! National recommendations for reducing sitting [In Finnish]
- Olander E. K., 2013, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Actitivity, 10, 1
Cited by
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Items 101–200 of 254
Ivanović, M., & Ivanović, U. (2018) · Exercise and Quality of Life · doi:10.31382/eqol.180602 · Cited by 18
“The research done by Engelberg et al. (2016) and Vasankari & Hankonen (2016) as well as determined that, while planning physical activities, male adolescents express more perseverance, belief in their own success and need less incentives than female adolescents do for participating in…”
BackgroundSchool-Based Health Education Research: Charting the Course for the Future
Benes, S. S., Boyd, K. M., Cucina, I. M., & Alperin, H. L. (2020) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1712315 · Cited by 19
“Future research should examine best practices in developing curricula that not only meet student needs but that also effective utilize behavior change strategies to support the maintenance and/or adoption of healthy behaviors (Cushing, Jensen, Miller, & Leffingwell, 2014; Hynynen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAnico, S., Wilson, L. J., Eyre, E. L. J., & Smith, E. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2174720 · Cited by 30
“Existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of schoolbased PA programmes have reported the effects of participation, including improved; PA and/or Sedentary behaviours (M. B. Owen et al., 2014; Dobbins et al., 2001; Hynynen et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2020; Kriemler et al., 2011), Motivation (Dobbins et al.”
BackgroundJabbari, J., Roll, S., McQueen, A., & Ridenour, N. A. (2024) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.2125 · Cited by 22
Breslin, G., Shannon, S., Rafferty, R., Fitzpatrick, B., Belton, S., O’Brien, W., Chambers, F. C., Haughey, T. J., Hanna, D., Gormley, R., et al. (2019) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1133-x · Cited by 18
Langguth, N., Schmid, J., Gawrilow, C., & Stadler, G. (2016) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12061 · Cited by 22
Brennan, C., O’Donoghue, G., Hall, A. M., Keogh, A., & Matthews, J. J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106764 · Cited by 15
Kurpas, D., Mendive, J. M., Vidal-Alaball, J., Petrazzuoli, F., Morad, M., Kloppe, T., Herrmann, W., Mrduljaš-Đujić, N., & Kenkre, J. E. (2023) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.7636 · Cited by 17
How does loneliness “get under the skin” to become biologically embedded?
Freilich, C. D. (2023) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2023.2260742 · Cited by 18
de Koning, J. L., Richards, S. H., Wood, G., & Stathi, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18083971 · Cited by 16
Weissman, S. E., Perinpanayagam, R., Wright, F. V., & Arbour‐Nicitopoulos, K. P. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541211016580 · Cited by 19
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Jayasinghe, S. U., & Hills, A. P. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153370 · Cited by 26
Luo, Y., Moosbrugger, M. E., Smith, D. M., France, T. J., Ma, J., & Xiao, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.898338 · Cited by 23
Broen, T., Choi, Y., Garza, E. Z., Pauly, T., Gerstorf, D., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021863 · Cited by 16
Baumbach, L., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15217-6 · Cited by 14
Jin, M. J., & Bae, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010026 · Cited by 18
Mb, J., Friis, K., Maindal, H. T., Hargaard, A.-S., Knudsen, M. G., Grønkjær, M. S., & Lasgaard, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21490-4 · Cited by 24
Štefan, L., Mišigoj‐Duraković, M., Devrnja, A., Podnar, H., Petrić, V., & Sorić, M. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10093104 · Cited by 16
“Although interventions aiming to promote PA and reduce SB in adolescents have shown a relatively small effect to date, school environment was highlighted as the most potent setting for behavioral interventions [30,31].”
BackgroundRajala, K., Kankaanpää, A., Laine, K., Itkonen, H., Goodman, E., & Tammelin, T. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1485227 · Cited by 15
“Several interventions aim at increasing adolescents’ PA (Hynynen et al., 2016; Kriemler et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWhat’s in it for me? Young teenagers’ meaning-making experiences of movement activities
Mikalsen, H. K., & Lagestad, P. (2018) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1546170 · Cited by 16
“Promoting a positive relation to movement activities thus requires an understanding of the phenomenon as complex and dynamic (Haugen, 2015; Hynynen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGuo, L., He, H., & Wang, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1532035 · Cited by 22
Rodrigo-Sanjoaquín, J., Bois, J. E., Solana, A. A., Lhuisset, L., & Casterad, J. Z. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12229436 · Cited by 14
“Selected keywords are based on previous systematic reviews that include some movement behaviors [12,47,50,54,65].”
BackgroundAl-walah, M. A., Donnelly, M., Cunningham, C., & Heron, N. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16885-0 · Cited by 17
“This information was synthesised narra-tively and assessed based on criteria established in previous reviews [82–84].”
MethodAcceptability of Strategies to Reduce Student Sitting
Laine, H., Araújo‐Soares, V., Haukkala, A., & Hankonen, N. E. (2016) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839916677209 · Cited by 17
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“When the present study was started, only 10 RCTs of school-based interventions to improve PA or SBs among 15–19-year-olds had been reported (Hynynen et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationOluwasanu, M. M., Oladepo, O., & Ibitoye, S. E. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12327-x · Cited by 14
The Effects of Park-Based Interventions on Health-Related Outcomes Among Youth: A Systematic Review
Wallace, D. D., Han, B., Cohen, D. A., & Derose, K. P. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221077812 · Cited by 15
“Schools are often seen as an ideal setting for health promotion interventions aimed at children and adolescents due to the efficiency and effectiveness of reaching the majority of the target population.(52) Although the studies produced generally consistent results on several physical health outcomes, youth is a broad…”
ResultCatch me if you can! How French adolescents seize social occasions and opportunities to be active
Derigny, T., Schnitzler, C., Remmers, T., van Kann, D., Gandrieau, J., Seye, N., Baquet, G., & Potdevin, F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13746-0 · Cited by 17
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Unlocking the potential of biowaste: Sustainable strategies to produce valuable industrial products
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Srivastav, P., Vaishali, K., Bhat, V., & Broadbent, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044895 · Cited by 14
Finnish late adolescents’ physical activity during COVID-19 spring 2020 lockdown
Ng, K., Koski, P., Lyyra, N., Palomäki, S. H., Mononen, K., Blomqvist, M., Vasankari, T. J., & Kokko, S. P. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12263-w · Cited by 12
“Few studies have targeted this age group exacerbated by the lack of evidence in the correlates and determinants for PA for this age group [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKiyani, T., Kayani, S., Kayani, S., Qi, S., & Biasutti, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14106024 · Cited by 15
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de Lijster, G. P. A., Kok, G., & Kocken, P. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7808-8 · Cited by 12
“Effective school-based interventions targeting physical activity among older adolescents were also found to have used more behavior-change techniques than non-effective interventions [25].”
MethodGarbers, S., Suruki, C., Falletta, K. A., Gold, M. A., & Bruzzese, J. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102714 · Cited by 11
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Wang, S., Tang, Q., Lv, Y., Tao, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, L., & Liu, G. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13060472 · Cited by 16
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“Moreover, this study did not assess differences in overweight, obesity, and body image perception between children and adolescents or between girls and boys, which should be addressed in future research.”
Nie, Y., Wang, W., Liu, C., Wang, T., Zhou, F., & Gao, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081063 · Cited by 9
Engaging adults in organized physical activity: a scoping review of recruitment strategies
Mackenzie‐Stewart, R., de Lacy‐Vawdon, C., Murphy, N. M., & Smith, B. J. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad050 · Cited by 8
Banany, M., Kang, M. S., Gebel, K., & Sibbritt, D. W. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02475-7 · Cited by 13
“The intervention outcomes of the included studies suggest that physical activity and sedentary behaviour can potentially be improved with school-based interventions in the Gulf countries, which is consistent with studies on school students from other parts of the world [66, 67].”
ResultSmith, S., Lally, P. J., Steptoe, A., Chavez‐Ugalde, Y., Beeken, R. J., & Fisher, A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17797-3 · Cited by 11
Matthews, J. J., Moran, A. P., & Hall, A. M. (2018) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2018.4.421 · Cited by 9
Pelletier, V. H., Girard, S., & Lemoyne, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228352 · Cited by 10
“[39], one way to improve self-concept is to offer participants opportunities to enhance their perceptions of social acceptance, physical appearance and athletic ability.”
BackgroundCasterad, J. Z., Sevil‐Serrano, J., Bois, J. E., Lanaspa, E. G., Lhuisset, L., & Solana, A. A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193631 · Cited by 11
“Given that multilevel PA interventions are mostly conducted by research groups or by academic institutions [23], fostering a collaborative approach, which can drive connections between expertise from multiple disciplines and settings (i.”
BackgroundBrennan, C., O’Donoghue, G., Keogh, A., Rhodes, R. E., & Matthews, J. J. (2024) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/62795 · Cited by 8
Manera, K., Stamatakis, E., Huang, B., Owen, K., Phongsavan, P., & Smith, B. J. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01372-3 · Cited by 10
Mikkelsen, B. E., Sudzina, F., Botek, M., Romani, A. Q., & Larsen, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147517 · Cited by 8
Ellinger, J., Mess, F., Blaschke, S., & Mall, C. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12450-9 · Cited by 11
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“We expected a 20% attrition that is similar to other school-based health behavior interventions [32].”
ResultFun to engage or engage to have fun? Study of different teaching formats in Physical Education.
Dieu, O., Llena, C., Joing, I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2020.03184 · Cited by 8
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Bates, G. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2021.2001838 · Cited by 11
Kwon, J., & Jang, J. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010077 · Cited by 8
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“Numerous reviews support the effectiveness of goal setting to promote the youths’ PA engagement [107-109], whereas others suggest that feedback alone has a motivating effect, regardless of whether the feedback is tied to a specific goal or not [110-112].”
BackgroundSanz-Remacha, M., Solana, A. A., Abós, Á., Generelo-Lanaspa, E., & García‐González, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116830 · Cited by 7
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Using Non-Violent Discipline Tools: Evidence Suggesting the Importance of Attunement
Quail, K. R., & Ward, C. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247187 · Cited by 9
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Christiansen, F., Ahlqvist, V. H., Nyroos, M., Löfgren, H. O., & Berglind, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111041 · Cited by 6
“An additional challenge is that relatively few previous interventions have targeted older adolescents specifically, since the effectiveness of interventions may vary between age groups [15].”
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Evaluation of Social Impact Within Primary School Health Promotion: A Systematic Review
Robertson, D., Carins, J., Rundle-Thiele, S. R., & Harris, J. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13160 · Cited by 11
We Run This City: Impact of a Community–School Fitness Program on Obesity, Health, and Fitness
Borawski, E. A., Jones, S., Yoder, L. D., Taylor, T. J., Clint, B. A., Goodwin, M. A., & Trapl, E. (2018) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd15.160471 · Cited by 5
Renko, E., Kostamo, K., & Hankonen, N. E. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12595 · Cited by 7
“As part of the mixed- methods evaluation of the trial (see Hynynen et al., 2016; Heino et al., 2019), subsample of students in both trial arms were interviewed.”
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Sedentary Behaviour at the Community Level: Correlates, Theories, and Interventions
Mullane, S. L., Pereira, M. A., & Buman, M. P. (2017) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61552-3_23 · Cited by 5
Hankonen, N. E., Absetz, P., & Araújo‐Soares, V. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ak68f · Cited by 4
Self-citationCowley, E. S., Watson, P. M., Paterson, C. A., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Thompson, A., Belton, S., Thijssen, D. H. J., & Foweather, L. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19664-7 · Cited by 5
Is it Feasible to Use Students' Self-reported Step Data in a Local School Policy Process?
Bonde, A. H., & Bruselius-Jensen, M. (2017) · Health Behavior and Policy Review · doi:10.14485/hbpr.4.6.3 · Cited by 4
Kuczmarski, M. F., Orsega-Smith, E. M., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234923 · Cited by 4
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Role of theories in school-based diabetes care interventions: A critical review
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School-Based Exercise Programs for Promoting Musculoskeletal Fitness in Children Aged 6 to 10
Stanković, D., Pivač, S., Antonijević, M., Pekas, D., & Trajković, N. (2022) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth2030023 · Cited by 6
“On the other hand, some studies concluded that no significant development is observed when the variables are obesity, sedentary behavior, and physical activity [14,15].”
BackgroundAulbach, M. B., Puukko, S., Palsola, M., Haukkala, A., Sund, R., Vasankari, T. J., & Hankonen, N. E. (2023) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2023.2285734 · Cited by 3
“Vocational schools have thus far been largely neglected as sites for interventions targeting PA and SB, although the vocational students show similar levels of sedentary behavior as other populations (Hynynen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDerigny, T., Urvoy, M.-J., Wattelez, G., Roux, P.-Y. L., Zongo, P., Schnitzler, C., Galy, O., & Potdevin, F. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.18385.1 · Cited by 3
Oeckel, V. V., Vandendriessche, A., Deforche, B. I., Altenburg, T. M., Koobasi, M., Pauwels, N., & Verloigne, M. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948241290854 · Cited by 6
Gupta, S., & Lal, P. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010027 · Cited by 9
“…reviews that frequently evaluated multi-component interventions incorporating physical activity alongside dietary modification, behavioural counselling, or whole-school health promotion strategies [20–24], the present review iso-lates the effects of physical activity-only school-based programs.”
The influence of health-promoting schools on the students’ active and sedentary behaviour
Valencia‐Peris, A., Sanchis-Francés, L., & Chinchilla-Ramírez, C. (2025) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v17i1.17384 · Cited by 3
“…PA and reducing sedentary behaviour in children aged 5-11 years, 15-19-year-old adolescents and, > 10-year-old children and adolescents, respectively, has been evaluated in a series of systematic reviews conducted by Borde et al. (2017), Hynynen et al. (2016), and Jones et al. (2020), among others.”
Pfeiffer, K. A., McKee, K. L., Camp, C. A. V., & Clevenger, K. A. (2023) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2022-0040 · Cited by 3
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“27,30,67,104 Goal-setting enhances self-ef fi cacy and promotes perseverance, which can lead to better intervention effects.”
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“Given that multi-component PA interventions tend to be more effective than single-component approaches (Hynynen et al., 2016), integrating WAMs within structured intervention programs may provide a cost-effective and engaging way to promote PA in adolescents (Lyons et al., 2014).”
Lizandra, J., Valencia‐Peris, A., Ferriz, R., & Velert, C. P. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182362 · Cited by 4
“Although some have reported short-term increases in PA [8–10], their long-term effectiveness and behavioural transfer to adolescents’ daily lives remain questionable [11].”
Rahayu, A. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2025.100568 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hynynen, S.-T., van Stralen, M. M., Sniehotta, F. F., Araújo-Soares, V., Hardeman, W., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Vasankari, T., & Hankonen, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Institute (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Hynynen, S-T.
- Venue
- International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-12-22
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-44
- ISSN
- 1750-984X (ISSN-L)
- 1750-9858
- PMC
- PMC4706019
- OpenAlex
- W2206177928
- Semantic Scholar
- 94db835c1992f3b8164d316a354cf95d87bf8ced
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education and Culture (34/626/2012)
- Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (201310238)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- school-based intervention, physical activity, sedentary behavior, older adolescents, behaviour change techniques, intervention effectiveness, intervention delivery mode, goal setting, action planning, self-monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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