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Intergenerational consequences of the Holocaust on offspring mental health: a systematic review of associated factors and mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to war and violence has major consequences for society at large, detrimental impact on people's individual lives, and may also have intergenerational consequences. To gain more insight into these intergenerational consequences, research addressing the impact of the Holocaust on offspring is an important source of information. The aim of the current study was to systematically review the mechanisms of intergenerational consequences by summarizing characteristics in Holocaust survivors and their offspring suggested to impact the offspring's mental health. We focused on: 1) parental mental health problems, 2) (perceived) parenting and attachment quality, 3) family structure, especially parental Holocaust history, 4) additional stress and life events, and 5) psychophysiological processes of transmission. We identified 23 eligible studies published between 2000 and 2018. Only Holocaust survivor studies met the inclusion criteria. Various parent and child characteristics and their interaction were found to contribute to the development of psychological symptoms and biological and epigenetic variations. Parental mental health problems, perceived parenting, attachment quality, and parental gender appeared to be influential for the mental well-being of their offspring. In addition, having two survivor parents resulted in higher mental health problems compared to having one survivor parent. Also, there was evidence suggesting that Holocaust survivor offspring show a heightened vulnerability for stress, although this was only evident in the face of actual danger. Finally, the results also indicate intergenerational effects on offspring cortisol levels. Clinical and treatment implications are discussed.
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“Across genocide-affected populations, parental exposure has been associated with altered caregiving patterns characterized by overprotection, controlling behaviors, diminished warmth, and role-reversal dynamics (94–97, 100).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
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“As reported by Sangalang and Vang (2017) and as echoed in the broader intergenerational trauma field (Dashorst, Mooren, Kleber, de Jong, & Huntjens, 2019), the reviewed studies were consistent in reporting parent- and family-related variables as the most salient mechanisms of transmission.”
From Crossing borders: a systematic review identifying potential mechanisms of intergenerational trauma transmission in asylum-seeking and refugee families (2020) · cites this paper as Dashorst, Mooren, Kleber, de Jong, & Huntjens, 2019
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“Maternal survivor status has been more strongly associated with offspring psychological vulnerability compared to paternal exposure, with dual parental exposure corresponding to the highest reported risk (94).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dashorst, P., Mooren, T. M., Kleber, R. J., de Jong, P. J., & Huntjens, R. J. C.
- Affiliations
- Foundation Centrum '45 (NL)
- Stichting Centrum’45/partner in Arq, Diemen, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Dashorst, Patricia
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-08-30
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1654065-1654065
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6720013
- OpenAlex
- W2970356242
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Family Process Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- Holocaust survivors, intergenerational transmission, offspring mental health, parental mental health, perceived parenting, attachment quality, family structure, parental gender, epigenetics, cortisol, stress vulnerability, war trauma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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