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Intergenerational consequences of the Holocaust on offspring mental health: a systematic review of associated factors and mechanisms

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Dashorst, Patricia, Mooren, Trudy M., Kleber, Rolf J., de Jong, Peter J., Huntjens, Rafaele J. C.·2019·European Journal of Psychotraumatology
DOI 10.1080/20008198.2019.1654065PMC PMC6720013
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Abstract

Exposure to war and violence has major consequences for society at large, detrimental impact on people's individual lives, and may also have intergenerational consequences. To gain more insight into these intergenerational consequences, research addressing the impact of the Holocaust on offspring is an important source of information. The aim of the current study was to systematically review the mechanisms of intergenerational consequences by summarizing characteristics in Holocaust survivors and their offspring suggested to impact the offspring's mental health. We focused on: 1) parental mental health problems, 2) (perceived) parenting and attachment quality, 3) family structure, especially parental Holocaust history, 4) additional stress and life events, and 5) psychophysiological processes of transmission. We identified 23 eligible studies published between 2000 and 2018. Only Holocaust survivor studies met the inclusion criteria. Various parent and child characteristics and their interaction were found to contribute to the development of psychological symptoms and biological and epigenetic variations. Parental mental health problems, perceived parenting, attachment quality, and parental gender appeared to be influential for the mental well-being of their offspring. In addition, having two survivor parents resulted in higher mental health problems compared to having one survivor parent. Also, there was evidence suggesting that Holocaust survivor offspring show a heightened vulnerability for stress, although this was only evident in the face of actual danger. Finally, the results also indicate intergenerational effects on offspring cortisol levels. Clinical and treatment implications are discussed.

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Research works printed but not linked: 10

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Metadata

Authors
Dashorst, P., Mooren, T. M., Kleber, R. J., de Jong, P. J., & Huntjens, R. J. C.
Affiliations
  • Foundation Centrum '45 (NL)
  • Stichting Centrum’45/partner in Arq, Diemen, The Netherlands
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Corresponding author
Dashorst, Patricia
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-08-30
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
1654065-1654065
ISSN
2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1080/20008198.2019.1654065
PMC
PMC6720013
OpenAlex
W2970356242
Cited by
207
References
93
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11
FWCI
3.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Family Process Institute
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
Holocaust survivors, intergenerational transmission, offspring mental health, parental mental health, perceived parenting, attachment quality, family structure, parental gender, epigenetics, cortisol, stress vulnerability, war trauma

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