Towards the development of a community-based model for promoting cervical cancer prevention among Yoruba women in Ibadan Nigeria: application of PEN-3 model
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Through the identification of the barriers to the uptake of prevention services for cervical cancer and ways to promote prevention of cervical cancer in the community, this research study purposed the development of a community-based model for promoting cervical cancer prevention among Yoruba women living in Ibadan, Nigeria.Method: An exploratory, descriptive design was used to collect data from 20 health workers and four policy makers using semi-structured interviews and key informant interviews respectively. The PEN-3 cultural model developed by Airhenbuwa in 1998 guided the exploration of the barriers to the uptake of available prevention services for cervical cancer, and the ways to promote the prevention of cervical cancer. Three interrelated and interdependent primary domains, namely cultural identity, relationships and expectations, and cultural empowerment, form the basis of the PEN-3 model. Cultural identity emphasises the subjective responses in relation to the community and cervical cancer prevention. Relationships and expectations determined health workers’ and policy-makers’ experience of community members’ perception of cervical cancer. Enablers and nurturers alluded to the availability and accessibility of cervical cancer prevention resources, and the reinforcing factors that the women receive from their social networks. The central assumption of this theory is that health beliefs and actions that are harmful to health should be changed and the community's positive decisions and practices related to promoting a healthy lifestyle should be identified.Results: Findings from the health workers and policy-makers confirmed that community members lack knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer. Moreover, the findings show that the inaccessibility and unavailability of cervical cancer screening services play a role in its poor uptake.Conclusion: There is need for awareness creation of cervical cancer, and provision of prevention services at the community level. Screening services should be provided to women at subsidised cost. In order to contextualise the discussion, theoretical perspectives on cervical cancer are alluded to.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative study used the PEN-3 cultural model to explore barriers to cervical cancer prevention among Yoruba women in Ibadan, Nigeria, through interviews with 20 health workers and 4 policy-makers. Participants reported low community awareness, cultural and spiritual misconceptions, and inaccessible or unaffordable screening services, and recommended community-level awareness, stakeholder collaboration, male involvement, and subsidised services.
Key findings
- Health workers and policy-makers reported that community members lacked knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer; some believed it did not exist, while others viewed it as a spiritual attack, punishment from the gods, witchcraft/enemy attack, hereditary, or a death sentence.
- Screening uptake was poor because services were inaccessible, unavailable, and unaffordable: screening was not done at primary health care centres, referrals to secondary/tertiary hospitals were expensive, and lack of space and materials precluded screening.
- Participants reported no national cervical cancer policy; information was given sporadically, for example during family planning visits, with referral for pap smear if abnormalities were detected.
- Proposed promotion strategies included awareness campaigns through radio/TV jingles, postal services, schools, markets, and churches; stakeholder collaboration; male involvement through financial support and consent; cultural values such as abstinence/faithfulness; and subsidised community-level services.
Methods
- Theory-generating qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design; the PEN-3 cultural model guided exploration of barriers to cervical cancer prevention and ways to promote prevention.
- Purposive sample of 20 health workers (nurse-midwives and community health officers) and 4 policy-makers; semi-structured interviews with health workers were conducted 9 June–31 July 2015, and key informant interviews with policy-makers 3–31 August 2015 in Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Open-ended questions with probes were used; trustworthiness followed Guba’s model and reflexivity; ethical approval was obtained from the Oyo State Ethical Committee and facility medical directors. Four themes and four categories emerged from health workers, and one theme and three categories from policy-makers.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a formal limitations section.
- Evident from the text: data came only from health workers and policy-makers, not directly from Yoruba women or community members, so findings reflect provider and policy-maker perceptions.
- Evident from the text: the small purposive sample (20 health workers and 4 policy-makers) in selected primary health care settings in two LGAs of Oyo State limits transferability, and no detailed analysis procedure is described beyond thematic organisation under the PEN-3 model.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
5 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Cultural and religious factors make vaginal exposure a socially profound issue by insisting that such exposure should occur completely and solely between a husband and his wife.
“Cultural and religious factors warp the exposure of the vagina into a socially profound issue by insisting that such exposure should occur completely and solely between a husband and his wife.12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] source
The Discussion addresses low cervical-screening uptake and suggests cost, service availability, and accessibility as possible limiting factors. Searches for cultural or religious beliefs, vaginal exposure, and husband–wife restrictions found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim. The paper’s silence does not establish a contrary finding. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Most Yoruba women are socialised into feeling embarrassed by the idea of undergoing a vaginal examination by a medical practitioner.
“Most Yoruba women are thus socialised into feeling embarrassed by the idea of undergoing a vaginal examination by a medical practitioner.8,13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] source
- cites [13] source
The Results section discusses customs that prevent some women in rural Ghana from visiting health facilities, and the Discussion section addresses barriers to skilled birth attendance. Neither addresses Yoruba women, embarrassment about vaginal examinations, or whether most women are socialised to feel that way. Searches for Yoruba women and for examination-related embarrassment found no matching passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Health workers and policy-makers in the study reported that community members lack knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer.
“Findings from the health workers and policy-makers confirmed that community members lack knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“All the participant groups perceived the community members to have limited or lack of awareness of cervical cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and preventive measures were influenced by environmental factors and societal beliefs, education and literacy levels, and availability of health information.
“Theme 2: Knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and preventive measures were influenced by environmental factors and societal beliefs, education and literacy levels and availability of health information”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Available cervical cancer screening services were perceived as unaffordable.
“However, the limited services that were available were deemed unaffordable”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
- Findingown data
Community members hold superstitious beliefs about cervical cancer, such as that it is caused by enemies, an idol, hereditary origin, or an evil spirit.
“For example, they believed that cervical cancer is an attack from either their enemies, an idol, from a hereditary origin or from an evil spirit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
- Findingown data
Health workers and policy-makers mentioned cultural beliefs as an obstacle that reduces the uptake of cervical cancer prevention services.
“Health workers and policy-makers mentioned cultural beliefs as an obstacle as such beliefs reduce the uptake of prevention services for cervical cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
- Findingown data
Information on cervical cancer is given sporadically.
“Information on cervical cancer is given sporadically as was expressed by one participant”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Misconceptions, cultural barriers, and modifiable cultural beliefs and norms regarding cervical cancer prevention were identified in the Cultural Identity dimension of the PEN-3 model.
“Misconceptions, cultural barriers, and the cultural beliefs and norms that can be modified for the promotion of preventive services in the treatment of cervical cancer were identified in the Cultural Identity dimension of the PEN-3 model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Health workers and policy-makers in the study reported that inaccessibility and unavailability of cervical cancer screening services contribute to poor uptake.
“Moreover, the findings show that the inaccessibility and unavailability of cervical cancer screening services play a role in its poor uptake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
- Findingown data
Quality of cervical cancer services was influenced by availability of services, infrastructure and resources.
“Theme 3: Quality of cervical cancer services was influenced by availability of services, infrastructure and resources”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Stakeholders included public (governmental) and private organisations.
“The stakeholders included public (i.e.governmental) and private organisations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All participants mentioned a need for stakeholder collaboration.
“All the participants mentioned that there is need for stakeholder collaboration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The low level of awareness and poor knowledge of cervical cancer may be attributed to inappropriate dissemination of information on cervical cancer, especially in rural areas.
“The low level of awareness and poor knowledge of cervical cancer may be attributed to inappropriate dissemination of information on cervical cancer, especially in rural areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Despite the recommendation that cervical screening saves lives, uptake for cervical screening for women in developing countries is still very low.
“Despite the recommendation that cervical screening does save lives, the uptake for cervical screening for women in developing countries is still very low.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
- Interpretationcitation
The same strategy of using religious leaders and traditional rulers can be applied to cervical cancer prevention.
“This same strategy can be applied to cervical cancer prevention.16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Even in urban areas, many people lack information concerning cervical cancer.
“Even in urban areas, many people lack information concerning cervical cancer.[14][15][16][17][18]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14][15][16][17][18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Uptake of cervical cancer prevention services is a function of positive, existential Yoruba culture that can be used to empower women to adopt and participate in available cervical cancer prevention services.
“Cultural empowerment entails adopting healthy behaviours through health information, while the uptake of cervical cancer prevention services is a function of positive, existential Yoruba culture that can be used to empower their women to adopt and participate in the cervical cancer prevention services available.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The PEN-3 model is an appropriate framework for exploring barriers to cervical cancer prevention and ways to promote prevention among Yoruba women.
- Premisecitation
Most community members respect their religious leaders and traditional rulers.
“Most of the community members respect their religious leaders and traditional rulers and therefore they should be involved in the prevention services of cervical cancer and most especially awareness creation.19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The poor knowledge of cervical cancer demonstrated by respondents in a cited study shows low levels of awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer.
“The poor knowledge of cervical cancer demonstrated by respondents shows low levels of awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 15
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNigeria still lacks a national cervical policy, hence cervical screening for women is not widespread.
“Nigeria still lacks a national cervical policy, hence cervical screening for women is not widespread.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
The Results (Awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer; page unavailable) report that 61.2% of focus-group participants had never been screened, supporting low uptake in the study group. The Introduction says population-wide screening programmes are generally lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa, but our copy does not state that Nigeria lacks a national cervical screening policy or that the absence of such a policy causes low uptake. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationTrustworthiness of the qualitative data was ensured by applying Guba's model of truth value, applicability, consistency and neutrality, and reflexivity was used to further enhance trustworthiness.
“Trustworthiness of the qualitative data was ensured by means of applying Guba's model of truth value, applicability, consistency and neutrality.10 Reflexivity was used by the researcher to further enhance trustworthiness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Materials and Methods section describes questionnaire data analyzed with SPSS, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Neither it nor the other passages found when searching for Guba’s model, qualitative-data trustworthiness, and reflexivity addresses the claimed methods. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe literature suggests that global disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality are most probably due to a lack of awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer and the unavailability of cervical cancer prevention services at a community level.
“The literature suggests that it is most probably as a result of a lack of awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer and the unavailability of cervical cancer prevention services at a community level.9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] source
The Background reports that most cervical cancer cases occur in developing countries and contrasts limited screening in Nigeria with declining incidence where screening protocols are established. The Discussion and Conclusion identify poor knowledge and unavailable screening services as barriers in the study setting. The paper does not establish that these factors are the most probable explanation for global disparities in incidence and mortality. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown dataParticipants reported a lack of a national policy position governing screening/education for cervical cancer.
“Participants mentioned the lack of a national policy position governing screening/education for cervical cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataReferral of women to secondary and tertiary hospitals for cervical cancer screening was expensive for community members, who did not have money to access these services.
“Referral of females to secondary and tertiary hospitals for cervical cancer screening was expensive for the community members as they did not have the money to access these services.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningMost men prefer their wives to be examined by female health workers and regard it as embarrassing if a male doctor examines their wives.
“For example, most men prefer their wives to be examined by female health workers.They regard it as embarrassing if a male doctor examines their wives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataNurses reported that urban areas are better resourced with information on cervical cancer than rural areas.
“The nurses alluded to the difference in resource allocation regarding cervical cancer prevention between urban and rural areas with the urban areas being better resourced in terms of information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataFour themes and four categories emerged from the health workers' group, while one theme and three categories emerged from the policy-makers' group.
“Four themes and four categories emerged from the health workers' group, while one theme and three categories emerged from the policy-makers' group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataA lack of physical space and insufficient material precluded conducting cervical screening on patients.
“A lack of physical space and insufficient material precluded conducting cervical screening on patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome community members did not believe that cervical cancer exists, while others viewed it as a death sentence.
“However, some of the community members did not believe that cervical cancer exists, whilst others viewed it as a death sentence”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the absence of a national policy, participants reported conducting physical assessments during female community members' family planning visits and referring women with abnormalities for further intervention.
“In the absence of such policy, participants reported conducting physical assessments during female community members' family planning visits.If there were abnormalities detected during these assessments, the women were referred for further intervention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome community members believe that cervical cancer has a spiritual cause and that its treatment should focus on spiritual methods.
“They believe that, as cervical cancer has a spiritual cause, its treatment should focus on spiritual methods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataParticipants regarded the involvement of males in cervical cancer prevention as important, including for providing financial support and granting consent for treatment.
“Participants regarded the involvement of males in the prevention of cervical cancer as important.Males needed to be involved in terms of providing financial support and through granting consent for treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone givenThe health workers and policy-makers reinforce Yoruba cultural norms, values and beliefs that encourage prevention of cervical cancer.
“The health workers and policy-makers reinforce Yoruba cultural norms, values and beliefs that encourage prevention of cervical cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningAwareness creation through community campaigns focused on health education and health promotion will assist in increasing community members' knowledge of cervical cancer.
“Awareness creation through community campaigns focused on health education and health promotion will assist in increasing the knowledge of cervical cancer of community members.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataLiving a life guided by moral cultural values such as females abstaining from sexual intercourse until marriage, and males and females having only one sexual partner and being faithful, will prevent women from contracting HPV, which is one of the major causes of cervical cancer.
“The community was encouraged to embrace moral cultural values such as females abstaining from sexual intercourse until marriage, and males and females having only one sexual partner and being faithful, as living a life guided by such values will prevent women from contracting HPV, which is one of the major causes of cervical cancer”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe level of awareness of cervical cancer is low and only about 15% of women aged 20-65 years in the south-west region of Nigeria have heard of the disease.
“However, the level of awareness is low and only about 15% of women aged 20-65 years in the south-west region of Nigeria have heard of the disease.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLess than 10% of women in Nigeria have ever been screened for cervical cancer, whereas 40-50% of women are screened in developed countries.
“Less than 10% of women have ever been screened for cervical cancer, whereas 40-50% of women are screened in developed countries.3,5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a study of 200 women aged 25 to 64 in an urban community of north-central Nigeria, only 59 (29.5%) had some knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms and 9 (4.5%) had good knowledge.
“Only 59 respondents (29.5%) had some knowledge of the symptoms of cervical cancer, with 9 of the respondents (4.5%) having good knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe low level of awareness and poor knowledge of cervical cancer may be due to ignorance and poor knowledge of cervical cancer.
“This may be due to ignorance, and poor knowledge of cervical cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningOnce religious leaders and traditional rulers have adequate knowledge, they can increase awareness of cervical cancer at the community level and correct related misconceptions.
“Once they have adequate knowledge they can increase the level of awareness of cervical cancer at the community level and also correct related misconceptions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIf a cervical cancer prevention programme is sustained, it will be easily available, accessible and affordable for community members.
“If the cervical cancer prevention programme is sustained, it will be easily available, accessible and affordable for the community members.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: There is no effective community-based intervention programme to promote cervical cancer prevention among Yoruba women in Ibadan.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no effective community-based intervention programme to promote cervical cancer prevention among Yoruba women in Ibadan.
“There is no effective community-based intervention programme to promote cervical cancer prevention among Yoruba women in Ibadan.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Community-based interventions are most suitable for promoting cervical cancer prevention among women of low socio-economic status in Nigeria.
“Community-based interventions have been identified as most suitable for the promotion of cervical cancer prevention programme for women of low socio-economic status, a demographic that forms a large part of Nigeria's population.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Health beliefs and actions that are harmful to health should be changed, and the community's positive decisions and practices related to promoting a healthy lifestyle should be identified.
“The central assumption of this theory is that health beliefs and actions that are harmful to health should be changed and the community's positive decisions and practices related to promoting a healthy lifestyle should be identified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Health workers' and policy-makers' reports accurately reflect community members' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding cervical cancer.
“The rationale behind ascertaining health workers' perceptions of how community members perceive cervical cancer was based on the fact that they have first-hand knowledge and experience of the communities they serve.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PEN-3 model is an appropriate framework for exploring barriers to cervical cancer prevention and ways to promote prevention among Yoruba women.
“The PEN-3 cultural model developed by Airhenbuwa in 1998 guided the exploration of the barriers to the uptake of available prevention services for cervical cancer, and the ways to promote the prevention of cervical cancer.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Yoruba culture, the individual is not the primary focal point; extended family systems and collectivism are emphasised.
“In Yoruba culture, the individual is not the primary focal point.Rather, extended family systems need to be taken into account because collectivism is emphasised.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Yoruba culture, it is a taboo for a man, even a medical doctor or nurse, to see another man's wife's nakedness, except when the woman is giving birth to a child.
“In the Yoruba culture it is a taboo for a man, even a medical doctor or a nurse, to see another man's wife's nakedness, except when the woman is giving birth to a child.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Yoruba people regard disease or sickness as punishment from the gods.
“Yoruba people regard disease or sickness as punishment from the gods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of accessible cervical screening services is the main obstacle to cervical cancer screening uptake.
“The most significant risk factor is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; however, absence of accessible cervical screening services is the main obstacle to screening uptake.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Guba citation points to a different reference
MinorThe text cites reference 10 for Guba's model, but Guba is listed as reference 9; reference 10 has different authors.
“Trustworthiness of the qualitative data was ensured by means of applying Guba's model of truth value, applicability, consistency and neutrality.10”
“9. Guba EG. Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educ Technol Res Dev. 1981;29(2):75-91.”
Study is cited as reference 20, which is absent
MinorThe discussion cites reference 20 for the described cervical-cancer knowledge study. The reference list ends at 19, whose title matches that study.
“This shows a need for urgent community mobilisation and the use of educational resources to increase the awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer in the community.20”
“19. Durowade K, Osagbemi G, Salaudeen A, Musa O, Bolarinwa O, Babatunde O, et al. Knowledge of cervical cancer and its socio-demo- graphic determinants among women in an urban community of north-central Nigeria. Savannah J Med Res Practice. 2013;2(2):46-54.”
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“However, the level of awareness is low and only about 15% of women aged 20–65 years in the south-west region of Nigeria have heard of the disease.(4) Despite the recommendation that cervical screening does save lives, the uptake for cervical screening for women in developing countries is still very low.”
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BackgroundInfluentialMakunyane, C. M. (2020) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v12n13p152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Karimi, Z., Ghahfarokhi, N. M., Karimian, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Care · doi:10.34172/jmdc.2022.1175
“Engaging community leaders in culturally appropriate health planning is essential (18).”
Background
- Authors
- Olanlesi-Aliu, A., Martin, P., & Daniels, F.
- Affiliations
- School of Nursing, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of the Western Cape (ZA)
- Venue
- Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-07-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 20-24
- ISSN
- 2074-2835 (ISSN-L)
- 2220-105X
- OpenAlex
- W2985752663
- Semantic Scholar
- 2a96af37a674fae2497b255237dd1000d2beffa2
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UWC Research Repository (University of the Western Cape) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Community Health and Development
- Keywords
- cervical cancer prevention, PEN-3 cultural model, Yoruba women, cervical cancer screening uptake, barriers to screening, community health promotion, cultural identity, cultural empowerment, health beliefs, cervical cancer awareness, healthcare workers, health policy, Ibadan
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-16.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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