Cited by 12Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCounseling Practices and SupervisionPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A Systematic Review of Whiteness Assessment Properties and Assumptions: Implications for Counselor Training and Research

Hays, Danica G., Bayne, Hannah B., Gay, Jan L., McNiece, Zachary P., Park, Cheolwoo·2023·Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review of the structural and psychometric properties of 20 Whiteness scales that relate to multiple dimensions of Whiteness (i.e., racism, antiracism, race essentialism, White racial identity, White racial consciousness, colorblind racial ideology, White privilege, psychosocial costs of racism, and White fragility). Furthermore, we identify the frequency of scale use and the 10 underlying theoretical assumptions upon which their development and validation are based. Findings indicate that while many of the underlying assumptions of Whiteness are shared across scales, there is great variation in scale development and validation procedures as well as concerns related to reliability estimates and norming procedures. We provide implications for counselor training and research to maximize the use of these scales as White counselors seek to engage in culturally competent practice.

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Metadata

Authors
Hays, D. G., Bayne, H. B., Gay, J. L., McNiece, Z. P., & Park, C.
Affiliations
  • University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
  • University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author
Hays, Danica G.
Venue
Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation
Published
2021-03-22
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
58-76
ISSN
  • 2150-1378 (ISSN-L)
  • 2150-1386
OpenAlex
W3139025086
Cited by
12
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
FWCI
0.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
whiteness, psychometric properties, scale development and validation, racism, anti-racism, white identity, white privilege, white fragility, scale reliability, counselor education, culturally competent practice

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Systematic Review of Whiteness Assessment Properties and Assumptions: Implications for Counselor Training and Research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/21501378.2021.1891877
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Hays, D. G., Bayne, H. B., Gay, J. L., McNiece, Z. P., & Park, C. (2023). A Systematic Review of Whiteness Assessment Properties and Assumptions: Implications for Counselor Training and Research. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2021.1891877