The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inhibition and Interference in Selective Attention: Some Tests of a Neural Network Model
Abstract
We describe a neural network system that models selective action—that is, how an organism selectively responds to an object when other objects evoke competing responses. Performance of the model during simulations of various selective action situations reveals a number of interesting patterns of data. Specifically, the model shows a complex relationship between how much a distractor interferes with response to a target and how much inhibition is associated with the distractor. Subsequent experiments with human subjects reveal that the paradoxical behaviour of the model is also observed in human behaviour. We conclude that the similar performance characteristics of the model and human subjects in a variety of situations suggest that the model has captured some of the essential properties of mammalian selective action mechanisms.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As the external input increases, inhibition has to increase accordingly, and this is visible in the form of larger inhibitory rebounds following stimulus offset (Houghton et al., 1996;Schuch et al., 2010).”
From Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model (2019) · cites this paper as Houghton et al., 1996
Citations
Cites
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070
Egeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation
(2021) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(21)x0002-3 · Cited by 5,082
Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60041-9 · Cited by 3,456
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
Intons-Peterson, M. J. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/h0078016 · Cited by 3,270
Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory and Language
Carr, T. H., & Dagenbach, D. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,276
Fuster, J. M. (1997) · Cited by 2,095
Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model
Eriksen, C. W., & St. James, J. D. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211502 · Cited by 1,907
Topography Of Cognition: Parallel Distributed Networks In Primate Association Cortex
Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1988) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033 · Cited by 1,658
The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects
Tipper, S. P. (1985) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748508400920 · Cited by 1,473
Self-citationAbrupt visual onsets and selective attention: voluntary versus automatic allocation.
Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.16.1.121 · Cited by 1,468
Pittenger, J. B., Kubovy, M., & Pomerantz, J. R. (1982) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422146 · Cited by 1,425
The neuropsychology of schizophrenia
Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R., & Smith, A. D. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065055 · Cited by 1,350
How Does a Brain Build a Cognitive Code?
Grossberg, S. (1982) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7758-7_1 · Cited by 1,204
How does a brain build a cognitive code?
Grossberg, S. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.1.1 · Cited by 1,160
Treisman, A., & Sato, S. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.16.3.459 · Cited by 1,129
Douglas, R. (1967) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0024599 · Cited by 1,092
Patterns of Cerebral Blood Flow in Schizophrenia
Liddle, P. F., Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Hirsch, S. R., Jones, T., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.2.179 · Cited by 899
Posner, M. I., & Dehaene, S. (1994) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90078-7 · Cited by 897
Operationism and the concept of perception.
Garner, W. R., Hake, H. W., & Eriksen, C. W. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0042992 · Cited by 707
British Journal of Clinical Psychology
(2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/(issn)2044-8260 · Cited by 702
Hippocampus and internal inhibition.
Kimble, D. P. (1968) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0026470 · Cited by 668
Attention and Performance XIII
(2018) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203772010 · Cited by 621
Task combination and selective intake of information
Broadbent, D. E. (1982) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(82)90043-9 · Cited by 618
The Left Striato-pallidal Hyperactivity Model of Schizophrenia
Early, T. S., Haller, J., Posner, M. I., & Raichle, M. (2019) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315785004-2 · Cited by 598
Luck, S., Hillyard, S., Mouloua, M., Woldorff, M., Clark, V., & Hawkins, H. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.4.887 · Cited by 589
Interference and inhibition in cognition
Dempster, F. N. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012208930-5/50002-7 · Cited by 577
The epigenesis of mind: Essays in biology and cognition
Furlong, N. E. (1993) · Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems · doi:10.1016/1061-7361(93)90041-o · Cited by 572
Selective Attention and Priming: Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effects of Ignored Primes
Tipper, S., & Cranston, M. (1985) · The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology · doi:10.1080/14640748508400921 · Cited by 562
Self-citationA model of inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention.
Houghton, G., & Tipper, S. P. (1984) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 561
Self-citationLuck, S. J., Heinze, H. –., Mangun, G. R., & Hillyard, S. A. (1990) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(90)90139-b · Cited by 551
Parallel visual pathways: A review
Lennie, P. (1980) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(80)90115-7 · Cited by 509
Consciousness, Information Processing and Schizophrenia
Frith, C. (1979) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.3.225 · Cited by 483
Detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors
Baylor, D. A., & Hodgkin, A. L. (1973) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010340 · Cited by 448
The Organization of Perception and Action
MacKay, D. G. (1987) · Cognitive science · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4754-8 · Cited by 434
Selective reaching: Evidence for action-centered attention.
Tipper, S. P., Lortie, C., & Baylis, G. C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.18.4.891 · Cited by 418
Self-citationExamination of Some Aspects of the Stroop Color-Word Test
Dalrymple-Alford, E. C., & Budayr, B. (1966) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.3f.1211 · Cited by 349
Reuter-Lorenz, P., Hughes, H., & Fendrich, R. (1991) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205036 · Cited by 344
Persistence of negative priming: Steady state or decay?
Neill, W. T., & Valdes, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.3.565 · Cited by 338
Tipper, S. P., & Driver, J. (1988) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197746 · Cited by 326
Self-citationSelection of moving and static objects for the control of spatially directed action.
Tipper, S., Brehaut, J. C., & Driver, J. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.16.3.492 · Cited by 297
Self-citationThe Development of attention - Research and Theory
(1990) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)x6018-2 · Cited by 288
Neuropsychological Insights into the Meaning of Object Concept Development
Carey, S. E., & Gelman, R. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807805-11 · Cited by 281
Selective attention and the inhibitory control of cognition
Neill, W. T., Valdes, L. A., & Terry, K. M. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012208930-5/50008-8 · Cited by 270
Inhibitory attentional mechanisms and aging.
Kane, M. J., Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E. R., Zacks, R. T., & al, E. (1994) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.1.103 · Cited by 269
Evidence of reduced ‘cognitive inhibition’ in schizophrenia
Beech, A. R., Powell, T. J., McWilliam, J., & CLARIDGE, G. S. (1989) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00821.x · Cited by 262
THE LEFT MEDIAL TEMPORAL REGION AND SCHIZOPHRENIA: A PET STUDY
Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., Frith, C., Hirsch, S. R., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/115.2.367 · Cited by 259
Houghton, G., & Tipper, S. P. (1996) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1996.0003 · Cited by 229
Self-citationSelective attention and the suppression of cognitive noise.
Neill, W. T., & Westberry, R. L. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.2.327 · Cited by 226
The effects of priming on picture recognition
Warren, C., & Morton, J. (1982) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01796.x · Cited by 223
The problem of serial order: a neural network model of sequence learning and recall
Houghton, G. (1990) · Natural Language Generation · Cited by 222
Self-citationNegative priming for spatial locations: Identity mismatching, not distractor inhibition.
Park, J., & Kanwisher, N. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.3.613 · Cited by 213
Less attentional selectivity as a result of declining inhibition in older adults
Tipper, S. P. (1991) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334765 · Cited by 204
Self-citationStrategies, context, and the mechanism of response inhibition
Lowe, D. G. (1979) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196943 · Cited by 199
Aging, Inhibitory Processes, and Negative Priming
McDowd, J. M., & Oseas-Kreger, D. M. (1991) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/46.6.p340 · Cited by 196
Can the neuropsychological case-study approach be applied to schizophrenia?
Shallice, T., Burgess, P. W., & Frith, C. (1991) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700022303 · Cited by 192
Tipper, S. P., & Baylis, G. C. (1987) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(87)90064-x · Cited by 188
Self-citationDriver, J., & Tipper, S. P. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.15.2.304 · Cited by 181
Self-citationBehavioural Goals Determine Inhibitory Mechanisms of Selective Attention
Tipper, S. P., Weaver, B., & Houghton, G. (1994) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749408401098 · Cited by 179
Self-citationSelective attention and the suppression of cognitive noise.
Neill, W. T., & Westberry, R. L. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.2.327 · Cited by 173
Tipper, S. P., Weaver, B., Cameron, S., Brehaut, J. C., & al, E. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.4.681 · Cited by 172
Self-citationAn inhibition-based fan effect: Evidence for an active suppression mechanism in selective attention.
Neumann, E., & DeSchepper, B. G. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0084309 · Cited by 171
Selection of moving and static objects for the control of spatially directed action.
Tipper, S. P., Brehaut, J., & Driver, J. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.16.3.492 · Cited by 152
Self-citationFocal Attention in the Frog: Behavioral and Physiological Correlates
Ingle, D. (1975) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170636 · Cited by 131
Short-Term Visual Information Forgetting
Lund, A. M., & van der Heijden, A. H. C. (1983) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422828 · Cited by 130
Semantic inhibition of Ignored Words during a Figure Classification Task
Yee, P. L. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749108401002 · Cited by 129
Negative priming in a spatial localization task: Feature mismatching and distractor inhibition.
Milliken, B., Tipper, S. P., & Weaver, B. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.3.624 · Cited by 117
Self-citationTipper, S. P., MacQUEEN, G. M., & Brehaut, J. (1988) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208972 · Cited by 116
Self-citationOn the nonautomaticity of “automatic” activation: Evidence of selective seeing
Francolini, C. M., & Egeth, H. E. (1980) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206122 · Cited by 112
Reaching into Cluttered Visual Environments: Spatial and Temporal Influences of Distracting Objects
Meegan, D. V., & Tipper, S. (1998) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249898391611 · Cited by 108
Self-citationReducing the effects of adjacent distractors by narrowing attention.
LaBerge, D., Brown, V. R., Carter, M., Bash, D., & al, E. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.17.1.65 · Cited by 107
Motion coherence and conjunction search: Implications for guided search theory
Driver, J., McLeod, P., & Dienes, Z. P. (1992) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205076 · Cited by 106
Oaksford, M., & Brown, G. (1994) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · Cited by 104
‘Cognitive inhibition’ and positive symptomatology in schizotypy
PETERS, E. R., Pickering, A. D., & Hemsley, D. R. (1994) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01092.x · Cited by 104
Further investigations of inhibitory mechanisms in attention
Lowe, D. G. (1985) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198446 · Cited by 94
IBM PC/XT/AT and PS/2 Turbo Pascal timing with extended resolution
Bovens, N., & Brysbaert, M. (1990) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03209826 · Cited by 91
Negative priming without probe selection
Neill, W. T., Terry, K. M., & Valdes, L. A. (1994) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03200767 · Cited by 85
NEURAL CIRCUITS INVOLVED IN VISUOMOTOR REACTION TIME IN MONKEYS
Miller, J. M., & Glickstein, M. (1967) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1967.30.3.399 · Cited by 80
Parallel models of serial behaviour: Lashley revisited.
Houghton, G., & Hartley, T. T. (1995) · Cited by 76
Self-citationSemantic Processing of Foveally and Parafoveally Presented Words in a Lexical Decision Task
Fuentes, L. J., & Tudela, P. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749208401328 · Cited by 68
Spatial contrast sensitivity of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat.
Lennie, P., & Perry, V. H. (1981) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013733 · Cited by 66
Interference and negative priming from ignored distractors: The role of selection difficulty
Fox, E. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206952 · Cited by 65
Interference and Inhibition in Cognition
(1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-208930-5.x5000-4 · Cited by 57
Negative priming in auditory attention.
Banks, W. P., Roberts, D., & Ciranni, M. A. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.6.1354 · Cited by 49
Sensorimotor Selection and the Basal Ganglia: A Neural Network Model
Houk, J. C., Davis, J. L., & Beiser, D. G. (1994) · Cited by 42
Selective Choice between Double Prey Objects by Frogs
Ingle, D. J. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000124406 · Cited by 39
Tipper, S. P., Weaver, B., Kirkpatrick, J., & Lewis, S. (1991) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02416.x · Cited by 37
Self-citationPre-cuing Target Location Reduces Interference but Not Negative Priming from Visual Distractors
Fox, E. (1995) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749508401373 · Cited by 36
Baylis, G. C., Tipper, S. P., & Houghton, G. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.6.1617 · Cited by 31
Self-citationDistinguishing between inhibition-based and episodic retrieval-based accounts of negative priming.
Tipper, S. P., & Milliken, B. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10187-012 · Cited by 31
Self-citationInformation Processing and Schizophrenia
Hemsley, D. R. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74308-5_4 · Cited by 28
Cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia
Dousse, M., Mamo, H., Ponsin, J. C., & Dinh, Y. R. T. (1988) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(88)90204-x · Cited by 25
Novel visual shapes in negative priming
Schepper, B. D., & Treisman, A. (1991) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e665402011-119 · Cited by 24
The locus of inhibition in the priming of static objects: Object token versus location.
Shapiro, K. L., & Loughlin, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.19.2.352 · Cited by 19
The locus of inhibition in the priming of static objects: Object token versus location.
Shapiro, K. L., & Loughlin, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.19.2.352 · Cited by 16
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Arbuthnott K. D., 1995, Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 14, 3
- Houghton G., 1990, Current research in natural language generation
- Houghton G., Psyche
- Houghton G., 1994, Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language
- Hull I., 1943, The Principles of Behavior
- Jackson S., 1994, Information processing models of basal ganglia
- Kane M. J., Psychology and Aging
- LaBerge D., 1991, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 65, 10.1037/0096-1523.17.1.65 · DOI
- Moore C., 1994, Memory & Cognition, 56, 133
- Pavlov I. P., 1927, Conditioned reflexes
- Steriade M., 1984, Dynamical aspects of neocortical function
- Tipper S. P., 1992, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 891, 10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.891 · DOI
- Tipper S. P., 1991, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 17, 681, 10.1037/0278-7393.17.4.681 · DOI
- Treisman A., 1990, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 459, 10.1037/0096-1523.16.3.459 · DOI
- Valdes L. A., 1993, The relation of negative priming to interference
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Does Negative Priming Reflect Inhibitory Mechanisms? A Review and Integration of Conflicting Views
Tipper, S. P. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755969 · Cited by 653
Self-citationHelping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension‐switching task
Kirkham, N. Z., Cruess, L., & Diamond, A. (2003) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00300 · Cited by 473
Retrieval of Incidental Stimulus-Response Associations as a Source of Negative Priming.
Rothermund, K., Wentura, D., & Houwer, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.3.482 · Cited by 240
The role of perceptual load in negative priming.
Lavie, N., & Fox, E. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.26.3.1038 · Cited by 209
Action–based mechanisms of attention
Tipper, S. P., Howard, L. A., & Houghton, G. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0292 · Cited by 181
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Houghton, G., Tipper, S. P., Weaver, B., & Shore, D. I.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Bangor University (GB)
- Venue
- Visual Cognition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 119-164
- ISSN
- 1350-6285 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0716
- OpenAlex
- W2079311980
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Visual Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- selective attention, inhibition, distractor interference, neural network model, competing responses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
