Cited by 116Forensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisPharmacological Effects and AssaysDoping in Sports

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ILLEGAL OR LEGITIMATE USE? PRECURSOR COMPOUNDS TO AMPHETAMINE AND METHAMPHETAMINE

MUSSHOFF, F.·2000·Drug Metabolism Reviews

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Abstract

The interpretation of methamphetamine and amphetamine positive test results in biological samples is a challenge to clinical and forensic toxicology for several reasons. The effects of pH and dilution of urine samples and the knowledge about legitimate and illicit sources have to be taken into account. Besides a potentially legal prescription of amphetamines, many substances metabolize to methamphetamine or amphetamine in the body: amphetaminil, benzphetamine, clobenzorex, deprenyl, dimethylamphetamine, ethylamphetamine, famprofazone, fencamine, fenethylline, fenproporex, furfenorex, mefenorex, mesocarb, and prenylamine. Especially the knowledge of potential origins of methamphetamine and amphetamine turns out to be very important to prevent a misinterpretation of the surrounding circumstances and to prove illegal drug abuse. In this review, potential precursor compounds are described, including their medical use and major clinical effects and their metabolic profiles, as well as some clues which help to identify the sources.

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Authors: MUSSHOFF, F.
Affiliations: University of Bonn (DE)
Corresponding author: MUSSHOFF, F.
ORCID: MUSSHOFF, F.
Venue: Drug Metabolism Reviews
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2000-01
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-44
ISSN: 0360-2532 (ISSN-L)
1097-9883
DOI: 10.1081/dmr-100100562
OpenAlex: W2019322128
Cited by: 116
References: 139
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 7.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Drug Metabolism Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
Keywords: amphetamine, methamphetamine, precursors, drug metabolites, urine drug testing, prescription drugs, drug metabolism, forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology, drug abuse
MeSH terms: Amphetamines, Animals, Benzphetamine, Furans, Hair, Humans, Methamphetamine, Pyrazoles, Selegiline, Sydnones, Theophylline, Pyrazolones

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ILLEGAL OR LEGITIMATE USE? PRECURSOR COMPOUNDS TO AMPHETAMINE AND METHAMPHETAMINE

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