The DOI matches its Crossref record; 138 of the 139 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ILLEGAL OR LEGITIMATE USE? PRECURSOR COMPOUNDS TO AMPHETAMINE AND METHAMPHETAMINE
Abstract
The interpretation of methamphetamine and amphetamine positive test results in biological samples is a challenge to clinical and forensic toxicology for several reasons. The effects of pH and dilution of urine samples and the knowledge about legitimate and illicit sources have to be taken into account. Besides a potentially legal prescription of amphetamines, many substances metabolize to methamphetamine or amphetamine in the body: amphetaminil, benzphetamine, clobenzorex, deprenyl, dimethylamphetamine, ethylamphetamine, famprofazone, fencamine, fenethylline, fenproporex, furfenorex, mefenorex, mesocarb, and prenylamine. Especially the knowledge of potential origins of methamphetamine and amphetamine turns out to be very important to prevent a misinterpretation of the surrounding circumstances and to prove illegal drug abuse. In this review, potential precursor compounds are described, including their medical use and major clinical effects and their metabolic profiles, as well as some clues which help to identify the sources.
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“Metabolites of cocaine, especially benzoylecgonine, however, are longer lasting (~6 hours) with long periods to complete elimination following repeated, high-dose administrations prior to abstinence (22).”
From Clinical management of psychostimulant withdrawal: review of the evidence (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
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Chiral Toxicology: It's the Same Thing…Only Different
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Metadata
- Authors
- MUSSHOFF, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Corresponding author
- MUSSHOFF, F.
- ORCID
- MUSSHOFF, F.
- Venue
- Drug Metabolism Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-44
- ISSN
- 0360-2532 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-9883
- OpenAlex
- W2019322128
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug Metabolism Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Keywords
- amphetamine, methamphetamine, precursors, drug metabolites, urine drug testing, prescription drugs, drug metabolism, forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology, drug abuse
- MeSH terms
- Amphetamines, Animals, Benzphetamine, Furans, Hair, Humans, Methamphetamine, Pyrazoles, Selegiline, Sydnones, Theophylline, Pyrazolones
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