Tbx1 regulates Vegfr3 and is required for lymphatic vessel development
Open accessAbstract
Lymphatic dysfunction causes several human diseases, and tumor lymphangiogenesis is implicated in cancer spreading. TBX1 is the major gene for DiGeorge syndrome, which is associated with multiple congenital anomalies. Mutation of Tbx1 in mice recapitulates the human disease phenotype. In this study, we use molecular, cellular, and genetic approaches to show, unexpectedly, that Tbx1 plays a critical role in lymphatic vessel development and regulates the expression of Vegfr3, a gene that is essential for lymphangiogenesis. Tbx1 activates Vegfr3 transcription in endothelial cells (ECs) by binding to an enhancer element in the Vegfr3 gene. Conditional deletion of Tbx1 in ECs causes widespread lymphangiogenesis defects in mouse embryos and perinatal death. Using the mesentery as a model tissue, we show that Tbx1 is not required for lymphatic EC differentiation; rather, it is required for the growth and maintenance of lymphatic vessels. Our findings reveal a novel pathway for the development of the lymphatic vessel network.
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The endothelial cluster is enriched for mechanosensitive ion channels and transcription factors associated with flow-induced shear stress and angiogenesis, such as Piezo1/2, Klf2/4, Foxc2, and Tbx1.
“the endothelial cluster is enriched for mechanosensitive ion channels and transcription factors associated with flow-induced shear stress and angiogenesis, such as Piezo1/2, Klf2/4, Foxc2, and Tbx1”
From Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Early Emergence of Liver Parenchymal and Non-parenchymal Cell Lineages (2020) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2010
The Results and discussion section, “Tbx1 regulates transcription of growth factors and angiogenic markers in ECs” (page not provided), supports an association between TBX1 and angiogenesis-related endothelial activity. It does not establish that Tbx1 responds to flow-induced shear stress or that the listed genes are enriched in the citing study’s endothelial cluster. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Fernandez, A., Meechan, D. W., Baker, J. L., Karpinski, B. A., LaMantia, A., & Maynard, T. M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405945-0.00036-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Network patterning, morphogenesis and growth in lymphatic vascular development
Grimm, L., & Hogan, B. M. (2020) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.10.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
TBX1 regulates myogenic differentiation by activating the TGFβ-Smad2/3 pathway in myoblasts
Cen, H., Luo, H., Luo, B., Pin, F., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221112087 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tbx1 orchestrates an immune niche that safeguards a broken heart
Perrotta, S., & Carnevale, D. (2023) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mesenteric Organ Lymphatics in Abdominal Inflammation
Huang, L., & Li, Y. (2023) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17774-3_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jing, Y., Zhai, J., Gao, M., Xu, X., Zhao, Z., & Zhao, Z. (2025) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.70003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Cardiac Lymphangiogenesis in Heart Failure
Chien, M.-H., Liu, D., Zheng, Z., Song, Z., Zheng, M., & Wang, W. (2025) · Cardiovascular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s12012-025-10073-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aquaporin-1 sustains lymphangiogenic responses in hyperosmotic inflammatory microenvironments
Roçi, I., Kim, J., de Korodi, K., Wyss, T., Bernier‐Latmani, J., Arroz‐Madeira, S., González‐Loyola, A., Bovay, E., Grenningloh, N., Schoofs, H., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20250506 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Endothelial Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells
Oettgen, P. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/24517 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Embryonic development in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Ivins, S. M., & Scambler, P. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816047-3.00002-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shah, N. N., Dave, B. P., Shah, K. C., Shah, D. D., Maheshwari, K. G., & Chorawala, M. R. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-024-01261-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RetractedSprouting angiogenesis in vascular and lymphatic development
Eichmann, A., & Li, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822546-2.00006-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aquaporin-1 sustains lymphangiogenic responses in inflammatory microenvironmentsPreprint
Roçi, I., Kim, J., de Korodi, K., Wyss, T., Bernier‐Latmani, J., Arroz‐Madeira, S., Bovay, E., Schoofs, H., Mäkinen, T., Noël, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641652 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Panara, V., Arnold, H., Gloger, M., Skoczylas, R., Gutierrez, V. V., Johansson, A., Smialowska, A., & Koltowska, K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
22q11 Deletion Syndrome: A Role for Tbx1 in Pharynx and Cardiovascular Development
Calmont, A., & Scambler, P. J. (2010) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0006074.pub2
Blei, F. (2010) · Lymphatic Research and Biology · doi:10.1089/lrb.2010.8402
Tbx1 regulatesVegfr3and is required for lymphatic vessel development
Chen, L., Mupo, A., Huynh, T., Cioffi, S., Woods, M., Jin, C., McKeehan, W. L., Thompson-Snipes, L., Baldini, A., & Illingworth, E. A. (2010) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem2075oia15
Self-citationTang, Y., Kwiatkowski, D. J., & Henske, E. P. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494055
Borthakur, D., George, F., & Dhingra, R. (2022) · Folia Morphologica · doi:10.5603/fm.a2022.0087
Lymphatics unload VEGFR3 in response to the alteration of VEGFR2-mediated transcriptional programsPreprint
Li, T., Cao, X., Fei, Z., Li, X., Ma, W., Zhang, X., Zhong, H., Xu, B., Chu, M., Jia, X., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683599
Olbrecht, S., Busschaert, P., Qian, J., Vanderstichele, A., Loverix, L., Gorp, T. V., Van Nieuwenhuysen, E., Han, S., den Broeck, A. V., Coosemans, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14936563
Olbrecht, S., Busschaert, P., Qian, J., Vanderstichele, A., Loverix, L., Gorp, T. V., Van Nieuwenhuysen, E., Han, S., den Broeck, A. V., Coosemans, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14936554
New frontiers of lymphangiogenesis
Natale, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13979-6.00006-6
Carrigan, L., Yap, J., & Cheung, M. M. H. (2026) · European Heart Journal - Case Reports · doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytag257
Vegfr3 is required in the Tbx1 expression domain for cardiac outflow tract developmentPreprint
Martucciello, S., Bilio, M., Cioffi, S., Cavallaro, M., Baldini, A., & Illingworth, E. A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.29.728669
Self-citationTumor‐Derived Exosomal piR ‐hsa‐28212 Promotes Lymphatic Metastasis in Breast Cancer
Wang, Y., Zhang, T., Kong, X., Tong, Y., Li, Y., Dong, X., Du, L., & Li, J. (2026) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.70450
Panara, V., Arnold, H., Gloger, M., Skoczylas, R., Gutierrez, V. P., Johansson, A., Smialowska, A., & Koltowska, K. (2026) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/s44319-026-00895-1
Vegfr3 and Tbx1 Interact in Cardiac Morphogenesis
Martucciello, S., Bilio, M., Cioffi, S., Aurigemma, I., Cavallaro, M., Baldini, A., & Illingworth, E. A. (2026) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd13080399
Self-citationLuo, G., Wu, Z., Li, H., Qian, Y., Fan, Q., Zheng, L., Li, M., Lin, J., 吴光波, Zhao, J., et al. (2026) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2026.09.009
T-Box Genes and Developmental Anomalies
Douglas, N. C., Washkowitz, A. J., Naiche, L. A., & Papaioannou, V. E. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405945-0.00034-x
- Authors
- Chen, L., Mupo, A., Huynh, T., Cioffi, S., Woods, M., Jin, C., McKeehan, W., Thompson-Snipes, L., Baldini, A., & Illingworth, E.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- European School of Molecular Medicine (IT)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
- University of Salerno (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Illingworth, Elizabeth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2010-05-03
- Volume
- 189
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 417-424
- ISSN
- 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8140
- PMC
- PMC2867300
- OpenAlex
- W2168339479
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lymphatic Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
- Keywords
- Tbx1, VEGFR-3, lymphatic development, lymphangiogenesis, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, endothelial cells, enhancer binding, transcriptional regulation, conditional gene deletion, mesentery, congenital malformations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Embryo, Mammalian, Humans, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, T-Box Domain Proteins, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Lymphangiogenesis, Lymphatic Vessels, Endothelial Cells, Mice
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