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Entropy Generation and the Survival of Protogalaxies in an Expanding Universe
Abstract
General formulae are derived for the bulk viscosity, shear viscosity, and heat transport due to radia tion, and for the damping rate of sound waves, in an imperfect relativistic fluid. These results are used to evaluate the cosmological entropy production associated with a nonvanishing mean free time of photons, neutrinos, or gravitons, and to calculate the rate of damping of protogalactic fluctuations in the period immediately prior to the recombination of hydrogen.
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“The quark nuggets evaporate as long as the temperature is above ∼ 50 MeV [99].”
From Phase Transitions in the Early and Present Universe (2006) · cites this paper as [99]
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BackgroundMethodExact solution for the non-equilibrium attractor in number-conserving relaxation time approximation
Strickland, M. T. (2023) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.1007/jhep10%282019%29069 · Cited by 27
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“[44, 92, 93], the proportionality coefficients η and ζ have the thermodynamical interpretation of shear viscosity and bulk viscosity, respectively.”
BackgroundRelativistic bulk rheology: From neutron star mergers to viscous cosmology
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Structural stability properties of friedman cosmology
Szydłowski, M., Heller, M. C., & Golda, Z. A. (1984) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/bf00762940 · Cited by 25
Dissipative fluids out of hydrostatic equilibrium
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Evolution of the information in the universe
Treumann, R. A. (1993) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/bf00626983 · Cited by 24
General treatment for dark energy thermodynamics
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Brevik, I. (2016) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732316500504 · Cited by 24
Remarks on Cosmological Bulk Viscosity in Different Epochs
Brevik, I., & Normann, B. D. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12071085 · Cited by 24
“The obvious task is to figure out how to model the bulk viscosity (although not a focus in the present work, we also remark that a positive, non-vanishing bulk viscosity will generate entropy [3]) .”
BackgroundLandim, R. G. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.083511 · Cited by 24
PLANE-SYMMETRIC INHOMOGENEOUS VISCOUS FLUID COSMOLOGICAL MODELS WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Pradhan, A., Yadav, V. K. Y. V. K., & SASTE, N. N. (2002) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271802002153 · Cited by 24
Black holes in the turbulence phase of viscous rip cosmology
Brevik, I., & Jamil, M. (2018) · International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics · doi:10.1142/s0219887819500300 · Cited by 23
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The first second of the Universe
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Atrio-Barandela, F., & Davidson, S. (1997) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.55.5886 · Cited by 23
Probing bulk viscous matter-dominated models with gamma-ray bursts
Montiel, A., & Bretón, N. (2011) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2011/08/023 · Cited by 22
“The origin of the bulk viscosity in a physical system is due to its deviations from the local thermodynamic equilibrium [15, 16] and different cooling rates [17, 18].”
BackgroundViscous coupled fluids in inflationary cosmology
Brevik, I., & Timoshkin, A. V. (2016) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1134/s1063776116020023 · Cited by 22
Spectator electric fields, de Sitter spacetime, and the Schwinger effect
Massimo Giovannini, A. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.061301 · Cited by 24
Magnetic heating across the cosmological recombination era: results from 3D MHD simulations
Trivedi, P., Reppin, J., Chluba, J., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1757 · Cited by 22
“1), kλ ≈ √ 8/45 kD, where the standard photon diffusion damping scale, kD, is defined by (Weinberg 1971; Kaiser 1983) 1 k2D ≈ 8 45 ∫ ∞ z dz NeσTaH [ 1 1 + R + 15 16 R2 (1 + R)2 ] , (7) for shear viscosity ηγ = 1645 ργ NeσT , which includes the effect of polarization.2 We have kD ≈ 4.1 × 10−6(1 +…”
InfluentialJeans instability in dark matter halos
Ourabah, K. (2020) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ab7650 · Cited by 23
Radiative transfer in the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics
Fort, J., & Llebot, J. E. (1996) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/29/13/015 · Cited by 22
“(38) Equation (37) has been obtained before in a relativistic framework through macroscopic (Weinberg 1971), kinetic (Uddey and Israel 1982) and fluctuation (Pavón et al 1983) theories.”
BackgroundOn the gravitational instability of a dissipative medium
Colín, L. S. G., & Sandoval-Villalbazo, A. (2002) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/19/8/308 · Cited by 22
“2 S. Weinberg (1971), ApJ 168:175-194 .”
Rip/singularity free cosmology models with bulk viscosity
Meng, X.-H., & Ma, Z. (2012) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2053-7 · Cited by 21
da Silva, W. J. C., Gimenes, H. S., & Silva, R. (2018) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2018.10.002 · Cited by 21
Exact analytical solution for an Israel–Stewart cosmology
Cruz, N., González, E., & Palma, G. (2020) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-020-02712-z · Cited by 21
Plane Symmetric Viscous Fluid Cosmological Models with Varying Λ-Term
Pradhan, A., Pandey, P., Jotania, K. R., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10773-007-9388-0 · Cited by 21
Expanding models with a varying cosmological term and bulk stress
Méndez, V., & Pavón, D. (1996) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/bf02104834 · Cited by 21
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium fluctuations in relativistic fluids
Pavón, D., Jou, D., & Casas-Vázquez, J. (1983) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/16/4/015 · Cited by 21
Structured, relativistic jets driven by radiation
Coughlin, E. R., & Begelman, M. C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3026 · Cited by 20
“MNRAS 000, 1–20 (2020) (1940), and each one of these terms has a physical interpretation; we refer the reader to Coughlin & Begelman (2014b) for a more in-depth discussion of the meaning of each of these terms (see also Weinberg 1971; Loeb & Laor 1992).”
BackgroundMulti-temperature mixture of fluids
Ruggeri, T. (2009) · Theoretical and Applied Mechanics · doi:10.2298/tam0903207r · Cited by 20
Viscous fluid in a kaluza-klein metric
Chatterjee, S., & Bhui, B. (1990) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/bf00642063 · Cited by 21
Singularities and Entropy in Bulk Viscosity Dark Energy Model
Meng, X.-H., & Dou, X. (2011) · Communications in Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1088/0253-6102/56/5/27 · Cited by 20
Natwariya, P. K., Bhatt, J. R., & Pandey, A. K. (2020) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8341-8 · Cited by 20
General bulk-viscous solutions and estimates of bulk viscosity in the cosmic fluid
Normann, B. D., & Brevik, I. (2016) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 20
Higher Dimensional Cosmological Model With Gravitational and Cosmological "Constants"
Singh, G. P., & Kotambkar, S. (2001) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1023/a:1010278213135 · Cited by 20
Charge diffusion constant in hot and dense hadronic matter: A hadro-molecular-dynamics calculation
Sasaki, N., Miyamura, O., Muroya, S., et al. (2001) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/epl/i2001-00225-3 · Cited by 20
Bulk viscosity in the early universe
Cheng, B. (1991) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/0375-9601(91)90660-z · Cited by 20
On a viable first-order formulation of relativistic viscous fluids and its applications to cosmology
Disconzi, M. M., Kephart, T. W., & Scherrer, R. J. (2017) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271817501462 · Cited by 20
“degrees of success, in the study of neutron stars, supernovae, and in some models of viscous cosmology. Without being exhaustive, we provide the following list of references to this important topic: [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 55, 57, 62, 68, 69, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 8…”
BackgroundExact solutions in multi-dimensional cosmology with shear and bulk viscosity
Gavrilov, V. R., Melnikov, V. N., & Triay, R. (1997) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/14/8/019 · Cited by 20
Hydrodynamic fluctuations of entropy in one-dimensionally expanding system
Hirano, T., Kurita, R., & Murase, K. (2019) · Nuclear Physics A · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2019.01.010 · Cited by 19
“Hence, just for the purpose of demonstrating relativistic fluctuating hydrodynamics, we employ the following parametrisation for transport coefficients for the shear and bulk viscosity [29, 30]:”
MethodTransport coefficients of gluonic fluid
Das, S. K., & Alam, J. (2011) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.83.114011 · Cited by 19
Extended ΛCDM model and viscous dark energy: a Bayesian analysis
da Silva, W. J. C., & Silva, R. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/05/036 · Cited by 19
“Here, we will consider a homogeneous, isotropic and flat universe, then only dissipative process allowed is the bulk viscosity [98].”
MethodInclusive and effective bulk viscosities in the hadron gas
Rose, J.-B., Torres-Rincón, J. M., & Elfner, H. (2020) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6471/abbc5c · Cited by 19
“In a massless, weakly-coupled gas, previous calculations using the Boltzmann equation and kinetic theory have shown that the relation between shear and bulk viscosity should be proportional to the squared non-conformality parameter [43, 61, 65, 66]”
BackgroundMethodAnisotropy of dark matter annihilation with respect to the Galactic plane
Berezinsky, V. S., Dokuchaev, V. I., & Eroshenko, Y. N. (2007) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/07/011 · Cited by 19
Weinberg, S. (2001) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.64.123511 · Cited by 20
Self-citationExact anisotropic viscous fluid solutions of Einstein's equations
Goenner, H., & Kowalewski, F. (1989) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/bf00904498 · Cited by 19
Infrared limit on the fine-scale anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation
Caderni, N., Cosmo, V. D., Fabbri, R., et al. (1977) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.16.2424 · Cited by 19
Cosmological perturbations-extension of Olson's gauge-invariant method
Woszczyna, A., & Kułak, A. (1989) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/6/11/019 · Cited by 19
Equation of state and sound velocity of a hadronic gas with a hard-core interaction
Satarov, L. M., Bugaev, K. A., & Mishustin, I. N. (2015) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.91.055203 · Cited by 18
Chen, J.-W., Deng, J. X., Dong, H., et al. (2013) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.87.024910 · Cited by 18
Bulk viscous string cloud with strange quark matter in Brans-Dicke theory
MAHANTA, K. L., Biswal, A. K., & Sahoo, P. K. (2014) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/i2014-14141-0 · Cited by 18
Relativistic hydrodynamics with momentum-dependent relaxation time
Mitra, S. (2021) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.103.014905 · Cited by 18
Viscosity-Induced Crossing of the Phantom Barrier
Brevik, I. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 18
Viscosity and matter creation in the early universe
Brevik, I., & Stokkan, G. (1996) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/bf00653769 · Cited by 18
Nonlinear spinor field in Bianchi type-I Universe filled with viscous fluid: numerical solutions
Saha, B. (2007) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9579-4 · Cited by 18
Li, E.-K., Zhang, Y., Geng, J.-L., et al. (2015) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-015-1983-4 · Cited by 18
An LRS Bianchi Type I Bulk Viscous Fluid String Cosmological Model in General Relativity
Bali, R., & Upadhaya, R. D. (2003) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1023/b:astr.0000006037.79305.66 · Cited by 18
“Weinberg (1971), Nightingale (1973) have investigated the role of viscosity in cosmology.”
BackgroundChen, X., & Spiegel, E. A. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04261.x · Cited by 18
“This too can be a cause of a bulk viscosity (Weinberg 1971; Mihalas & Mihalas 1984), even though photons are ultrarelativistic.”
BackgroundExtended thermodynamics of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models in the Landau-Lifshitz frame
Calvão, M. O., & Salim, J. M. (1992) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/9/1/012 · Cited by 18
Damping scales of neutralino cold dark matter
Schwarz, D. J., Hofmann, S., & STÖCKER, H. (2001) · International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP) · doi:10.22323/1.007.0204 · Cited by 18
Emerging the dark sector from thermodynamics of cosmological systems with constant pressure
Avilés, A., Cruz, N., Klapp, J., et al. (2015) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-015-1904-6 · Cited by 17
“It is always possible to choose a four vector velocity field u for which the energy density ρ and the particle density number n coincide with their equilibrium values [20,64], dealing with the commonly named N-frame.”
BackgroundGravitational waves from first order phase transitions during inflation
Chialva, D. (2011) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.83.023512 · Cited by 19
Constraining a causal dissipative cosmological model
Cruz, N., Hernández-Almada, A., & Cornejo-Pérez, O. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.083524 · Cited by 17
Relativistic viscous effects on the primordial gravitational waves spectrum
Mirón-Granese, N. (2021) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2021/06/008 · Cited by 17
“For the collision-dominated regime it is possible to express an effective shear physical viscosity in terms of the relaxation time as ηphys ∼ ρs τphys [17, 86, 87].”
BackgroundCosmological evolution of thermal relic particles in f(R) gravity
Capozzıello, S., Galluzzi, V., Lambiase, G., et al. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.92.084006 · Cited by 17
Sussman, R. A., & Pavón, D. (1999) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.60.104023 · Cited by 17
Higher-dimensional charged shear-free relativistic models with heat flux
Nyonyi, Y., Maharaj, S. D., & Govinder, K. S. (2014) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-2952-x · Cited by 17
Pretel, J. M. Z., & da Silva, M. F. A. (2018) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-018-2485-y · Cited by 17
JEANS INSTABILITY IN THE PRESENCE OF VISCOUS EFFECTS
Carlevaro, N., & Montani, G. (2009) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271809015060 · Cited by 17
Acoustic oscillations and viscosity
Maartens, R., & Triginer, J. (1998) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.58.123507 · Cited by 17
Tilted bianchi type v bulk viscous cosmological models in general relativity
Pradhan, A., & Rai, A. (2004) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1023/b:astr.0000032069.58003.b4 · Cited by 17
Relativistic radiative hydrodynamics
Schweizer, M. A. (1988) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/0003-4916(88)90247-3 · Cited by 17
Energy-momentum tensor correlators and viscosity
Meyer, H. B. (2009) · International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE) · doi:10.22323/1.066.0017 · Cited by 17
Bianchi type I cosmological model with bulk viscosity
Huang, W.-H. (1988) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/0375-9601(88)90312-x · Cited by 17
NEW COSMOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS AND STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FULL EXTENDED THERMODYNAMICS
CHIMENTO, L. P., JAKUBI, A. S., & Méndez, V. (1998) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271898000140 · Cited by 17
A comparative study of cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity with LVDP & BVDP
Mishra, R. K., & Chand, A. (2017) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-017-3117-9 · Cited by 16
“= p − ξθ , where ξ is the coefficient of viscosity and θ is the expansion scalar (Weinberg 1971).”
BackgroundSpectro-spatial evolution of the CMB. Part II. Generalised Boltzmann hierarchy
Chluba, J., Ravenni, A., & Kite, T. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/11/027 · Cited by 16
HIGHER DIMENSIONAL COSMOLOGICAL MODEL IN LYRA GEOMETRY: REVISITED
Singh, G. P., Kotambkar, S., & Pradhan, A. (2003) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271803003104 · Cited by 16
Bulk viscous cosmological model
Mohanty, G., & Pradhan, B. D. (1990) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/bf00653668 · Cited by 16
Hypersurface-homogeneous bulk viscous fluid space–times with time-dependent cosmological term
Verma, M. K., & Ram, S. (2010) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-009-0248-7 · Cited by 16
Nucleation versus spinodal decomposition in a first order quark hadron phase transition
Shukla, P., & Mohanty, A. K. (2001) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.64.054910 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Weinberg, S.
- Corresponding author
- Weinberg, Steven
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1971-09
- Volume
- 168
- Pages
- 175
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2006497728
- Cited by
- 734
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- entropy production, protogalaxies, cosmic expansion, bulk viscosity, shear viscosity, radiative heat transport, acoustic damping, mean free time, photon mean free path, neutrino mean free path, hydrogen recombination
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