The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Effect of Government Subsidies-in-Kind on Private Expenditures: The Case of Higher Education
Abstract
The article points out that a subsidy-in-kind, such as below-cost education provided by state universities, replaces more private consumption of the subsidized good that an equivalent money subsidy, such as a scholarship. Indeed, a subsidy-in-kind may reduce total consumption. Empirical estimates in the article indicate that in higher education (a) about three-fourths of government expenditures substitute for private expenditures, (b) this fraction has exceeded one in a recent period, (c) a substantial part of this government-private substitution is due to the in-kind form of government subsidies, and (d) there is less government-private substitution in enrollment than expenditures.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?
Barro, R. J. (1974) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260266 · Cited by 5,994
Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families
Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1986) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/298118 · Cited by 2,913
Does Public Insurance Crowd out Private Insurance?
Cutler, D. M., & Gruber, J. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2946683 · Cited by 772
Social security programs and retirement around the world
Gruber, J., & Wise, D. (2004) · Research in Labor Economics · doi:10.1016/s0147-9121(99)18018-x · Cited by 489
Cohodes, S. R., & Goodman, J. S. (2014) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.6.4.251 · Cited by 359
Metadata
- Authors
- Peltzman, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W2060864256
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 14.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Effect of Government Subsidies-in-Kind on Private Expenditures: The Case of Higher Education. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/260004
- The paper
- Peltzman, S. (1973). The Effect of Government Subsidies-in-Kind on Private Expenditures: The Case of Higher Education. Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/260004
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
