The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
Open accessAbstract
A theory of participation in illegitimate activities is developed and tested against data on variations in index crimes across states in the United States. Theorems and behavioral implications are derived using the state preference approach to behavior under uncertainty. The investigation deals directly with the interaction between offense and defense: crime and collective law enforcement. It indicates the existence of a deterrent effect of law-enforcement activity on all crimes and a strong positive correlation between income inequality and crimes against property. The empirical results also provide some tentative estimates of the effectiveness of law enforcement in reducing crime and the resulting social losses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Bayesian model selection in social research
Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271063 · Cited by 6,823
Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?
Krueger, A. B., & Malečková, J. (2003) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533003772034925 · Cited by 1,362
Coping With Systems Risk: Security Planning Models for Management Decision Making1
Straub, D. W., & Welke, R. J. (1998) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249551 · Cited by 1,120
Conscience, Significant Others, and Rational Choice: Extending the Deterrence Model
Grasmick, H. G., & Bursik, R. J. (1990) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053861 · Cited by 826
Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature
Chalfin, A., & McCrary, J. (2017) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20141147 · Cited by 727
Metadata
- Authors
- Ehrlich, I.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 521-565
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W1992854984
- Cited by
- 2,492
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 82.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/260058
- The paper
- Ehrlich, I. (1973). Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation. Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/260058
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.