The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities
Abstract
If options are correctly priced in the market, it should not be possible to make sure profits by creating portfolios of long and short positions in options and their underlying stocks. Using this principle, a theoretical valuation formula for options is derived. Since almost all corporate liabilities can be viewed as combinations of options, the formula and the analysis that led to it are also applicable to corporate liabilities such as common stock, corporate bonds, and warrants. In particular, the formula can be used to derive the discount that should be applied to a corporate bond because of the possibility of default.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This value is driven by five attributes [156].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [156]
Citations
Cites
CAPITAL ASSET PRICES: A THEORY OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF RISK*
Sharpe, W. F. (1964) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb02865.x · Cited by 19,441
The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment
Miller, M. H. (1958) · American Economic Review · Cited by 14,574
Theory of rational option pricing
Merton, R. C. (2005) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789812701022_0008 · Cited by 7,366
Lintner, J. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-780850-5.50018-6 · Cited by 6,747
Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares
Miller, M. H., & Modigliani, F. (1961) · The Journal of Business · doi:10.1086/294442 · Cited by 6,558
Equilibrium in a Capital Asset Market
Mossin, J. (1966) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1910098 · Cited by 4,910
Portfolio theory and capital markets
Breen, W. J., & Sharpe, W. F. (1972) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.2307/2978700 · Cited by 1,221
The Random Character of Stock Market Prices
Rosett, R. N., & Cootner, P. H. (1968) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1909613 · Cited by 933
THE VALUATION OF OPTION CONTRACTS AND A TEST OF MARKET EFFICIENCY
Cohen, J. B., Black, F., & Scholes, M. S. (1972) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb00969.x · Cited by 718
Multiperiod Consumption-Investment Decisions
Fama, E. F. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-780850-5.50035-6 · Cited by 448
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,009
Remuneration: Where We've Been, How We Got to Here, What are the Problems, and How to Fix ThemPreprint
Jensen, M. C., Murphy, K., & Wruck, E. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.561305 · Cited by 715
What Does the Individual Option Volatility Smirk Tell Us About Future Equity Returns?
Xing, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhao, R. (2010) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109010000220 · Cited by 712
Pricing Risk‐Adjusted Deposit Insurance: An Option‐Based Model
Ronn, E. I., & Verma, A. K. (1986) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04554.x · Cited by 710
Stock option plans for non-executive employees
Core, J. E., & Guay, W. R. (2001) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(01)00062-9 · Cited by 704
Journal of international money and finance
(1988) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/0261-5606(88)90029-0 · Cited by 704
Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures
Preuschoff, K., Bossaerts, P., & Quartz, S. R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.024 · Cited by 692
Executive Equity Compensation and Incentives: A Survey
Core, J. E., Guay, W. R., & Larcker, D. F. (2003) · Cited by 698
Dann, L. Y. (1981) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(81)90010-6 · Cited by 697
Investment incentives, debt, and warrants
Green, R. C. (1984) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(84)90034-5 · Cited by 691
Real Options and Interactions with Financial Flexibility
Trigeorgis, L. G. (1993) · Financial Management · doi:10.2307/3665939 · Cited by 690
Rosenberg, J. V. (2002) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(02)00128-9 · Cited by 650
Quantum computing for finance: Overview and prospects
Orús, R., Mugel, S., & Lizaso, E. (2019) · Reviews in Physics · doi:10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028 · Cited by 792
Pricing and hedging derivative securities in markets with uncertain volatilities
Avellaneda, M., ∗, A. L., & Paras, A. (1995) · Applied Mathematical Finance · doi:10.1080/13504869500000005 · Cited by 681
An Empirical Investigation of the Relative Performance Evaluation of Corporate Executives
Antle, R., & Smith, A. J. (1986) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.2307/2490802 · Cited by 678
Contingent Claims Analysis of Corporate Capital Structures: an Empirical Investigation
JONES, E. P., Mason, S. P., & Rosenfeld, E. (1984) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03649.x · Cited by 678
Time-changed Lévy processes and option pricing
Carr, P., & Wu, L. (2003) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(03)00171-5 · Cited by 675
Stulz, R. M., & Johnson, H. (1985) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(85)90024-8 · Cited by 675
Stock market volatility and the information content of stock index options
Day, T. E., & Lewis, C. M. (1992) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(92)90073-z · Cited by 668
The Determinants of Credit Default Swap Premia
Ericsson, J., Jacobs, K., & Oviedo, R. (2009) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109009090061 · Cited by 663
Counterparty Risk and the Pricing of Defaultable Securities
Jarrow, R. A., & Yu, F. (2001) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00389 · Cited by 662
Who Makes Acquisitions? CEO Overconfidence and the Market's ReactionPreprint
Malmendier, U. M., & Tate, G. A. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.470788 · Cited by 653
A Class of Distortion Operators for Pricing Financial and Insurance Risks
Wang, S. S. (2000) · Journal of Risk & Insurance · doi:10.2307/253675 · Cited by 651
Option pricing by Esscher transforms.
Gerber, H. U., & Shiu, E. S. W. (1995) · IRIS · Cited by 651
RUBINSTEIN, M. (1985) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb04967.x · Cited by 645
STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF STOCK PRICE RATIOS IMPLIED IN OPTION PRICES
Latane, H. A., & Rendleman, R. J. (1976) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1976.tb01892.x · Cited by 642
Urban Land Prices Under Uncertainty
Titman, S. D. (1985) · American Economic Review · Cited by 640
Introductory Lectures on Fluctuations of Lévy Processes with Applications
Kyprianou, A. E. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-31343-4 · Cited by 636
Evidence on the Impact of the Agency Costs of Debt on Corporate Debt Policy
Kim, W. S., & Sorensen, E. H. (1986) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.2307/2330733 · Cited by 633
A pricing method for options based on average asset values
Kemna, A. G. Z., & Vorst, A. C. F. (1990) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/0378-4266(90)90039-5 · Cited by 629
Deviations from Put-Call Parity and Stock Return Predictability
Cremers, M., & Weinbaum, D. (2010) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s002210901000013x · Cited by 583
Ling, Y., Şimşek, Z., Lubatkin, M., & Veiga, J. F. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.32626023 · Cited by 623
Taking Stock: Equity‐Based Compensation and the Evolution of Managerial Ownership
Eli Ofek, A., & Yermack, D. (2000) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00250 · Cited by 622
The Prince and the Pauper? CEO Pay in the United States and United Kingdom
Conyon, M. J., & Murphy, K. J. (2000) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00577 · Cited by 621
Estimating quadratic variation using realized variance
Barndorff-Nielsen, O. E., & Shephard, N. (2002) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.691 · Cited by 618
Nagarajan, A., & Mitchell, W. (1998) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(1998110)19:11 · Cited by 156
Sentiment and stock prices: The case of aviation disasters
Kaplanski, G., & Levy, H. (2009) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.10.002 · Cited by 614
Approximate option valuation for arbitrary stochastic processes
Jarrow, R. A., & Rudd, A. (1982) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(82)90007-1 · Cited by 608
Bank competition and financial stability in Asia Pacific
Fu, X.-Q., Lin, Y., & Molyneux, P. (2014) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.09.012 · Cited by 617
A RATIONALE FOR DEBT MATURITY STRUCTURE AND CALL PROVISIONS IN THE AGENCY THEORETIC FRAMEWORK
Barnea, A., Haugen, R. A., & Senbet, L. W. (1980) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb02205.x · Cited by 606
Implications for GAAP from an analysis of positive research in accounting
Ramanna, K., Skinner, D. J., & Kothari, S. P. (2010) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 605
The relation between corporate financing activities, analysts’ forecasts and stock returns
Bradshaw, M. T., Richardson, S. A., & Sloan, R. G. (2006) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.03.004 · Cited by 599
Kogut, B., & Kulatilaka, N. (2001) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.12.6.744.10082 · Cited by 595
Design and Valuation of Debt Contracts
Anderson, R. W., & Sundaresan, S. M. (1996) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/9.1.37 · Cited by 591
Corporate Financial Statements, A Product of the Market and Political Processes
Watts, R. L. (1977) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/031289627700200104 · Cited by 585
Comparing the performance of market-based and accounting-based bankruptcy prediction models
Agarwal, V., & Taffler, R. (2007) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.07.014 · Cited by 585
Decoupling CEO Wealth and Firm Performance: The Case of Acquiring CEOs
Harford, J., & Li, K. (2007) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01227.x · Cited by 581
The Analytic Valuation of American Options
Kim, I. J. (1990) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/3.4.547 · Cited by 580
A Simple Approach to the Valuation of Risky Streams
Ross, S. A. (1978) · The Journal of Business · doi:10.1086/296008 · Cited by 578
Brennan, M. J., & Schwartz, E. S. (1980) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.2307/2330567 · Cited by 569
Executive Compensation: Where We Are, and How We Got There
Murphy, K. J. (2013) · Handbook of the economics of finance · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-453594-8.00004-5 · Cited by 567
Zajac, E. J., & Westphal, J. D. (1994) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250150909 · Cited by 566
Closed Form Solutions for Term Structure Derivatives with Log‐Normal Interest Rates
Miltersen, K. R., Sandmann, K., & Sondermann, D. (1997) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03823.x · Cited by 562
BESSEL PROCESSES, ASIAN OPTIONS, AND PERPETUITIES
Geman, H., & Yor, M. (1993) · Mathematical Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9965.1993.tb00092.x · Cited by 557
Options on the minimum or the maximum of two risky assets
Stulz, R. M. (1982) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(82)90011-3 · Cited by 554
Alternative methods for raising capital
Smith, C. W. (1977) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(77)90040-x · Cited by 550
American Option Valuation: New Bounds, Approximations, and a Comparison of Existing Methods
Broadie, M. N., & Detemple, J. B. (1996) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/9.4.1211 · Cited by 547
Duffie, D., Eckner, A., Horel, G., & Saita, L. (2009) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01495.x · Cited by 547
The Pricing of Contingent Claims in Discrete Time Models
Brennan, M. J. (1979) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02070.x · Cited by 546
Nonparametric Pricing of Interest Rate Derivative Securities
Aı̈t-Sahalia, Y. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012598275-7.50015-6 · Cited by 546
Executive Compensation: A Multidisciplinary Review of Recent Developments
Devers, C. E., Cannella, A. A., Reilly, G., & Yoder, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307308588 · Cited by 559
The Nature of Option Interactions and the Valuation of Investments with Multiple Real Options
Trigeorgis, L. G. (1993) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.2307/2331148 · Cited by 544
What Is the Expected Return on the Market?
MARTIN, I. W. R. (2016) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjw034 · Cited by 520
Real options reasoning and a new look at the R&D investment strategies of pharmaceutical firms
McGrath, R. G., & Nerkar, A. A. (2003) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.358 · Cited by 540
Christoffersen, P., Heston, S. L., & Jacobs, K. (2009) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1090.1065 · Cited by 540
Predicting stock market volatility: A new measure
Fleming, J., Ostdiek, B., & Whaley, R. E. (1995) · Journal of Futures Markets · doi:10.1002/fut.3990150303 · Cited by 538
Arbitrage and equilibrium in economies with infinitely many commodities
Kreps, D. M. (1981) · Journal of Mathematical Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-4068(81)90010-0 · Cited by 538
Maximum likelihood estimation of stochastic volatility models
Aı̈t-Sahalia, Y., & Kimmel, R. L. (2006) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.10.006 · Cited by 538
Flights of fancy: Corporate jets, CEO perquisites, and inferior shareholder returns
Yermack, D. (2005) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.05.002 · Cited by 503
Does corporate social responsibility reduce financial distress risk?
Boubaker, S., Cellier, A., Manita, R., & Saeed, A. (2020) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2020.05.012 · Cited by 492
Control Techniques for Complex Networks
Meyn, S. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804410 · Cited by 535
Forecasting Stock-Return Variance: Toward an Understanding of Stochastic Implied Volatilities
Lamoureux, C. G., & Lastrapes, W. D. (1993) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/6.2.293 · Cited by 529
The effects of capital structure change on security prices
Masulis, R. W. (1980) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(80)90015-x · Cited by 529
Shefrin, H. (2002) · doi:10.1093/0195161211.001.0001 · Cited by 571
Measuring systemic risk: A risk management approach
Lehar, A. (2005) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2004.09.007 · Cited by 527
Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again
Hayward, M. L. A., Forster, W. R., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2009) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.03.002 · Cited by 550
Physical approach to complex systems
Kwapień, J., & Drożdż, S. (2012) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.01.007 · Cited by 532
The Finite Moment Log Stable Process and Option Pricing
Carr, P., & Wu, L. (2003) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/1540-6261.00544 · Cited by 517
Optimal Stopping and the American Put
Jacka, S. (1991) · Mathematical Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9965.1991.tb00007.x · Cited by 514
Research Methods in Accounting
SMITH, M. C. (2003) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849209809 · Cited by 511
The term structure of credit spreads with jump risk
Zhou, C. (2001) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(00)00168-0 · Cited by 511
The pricing of equity-linked life insurance policies with an asset value guarantee
Brennan, M. J., & Schwartz, E. S. (1976) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(76)90003-9 · Cited by 509
Merton, R. C. (2011) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 508
Watchdog or Lapdog? A Behavioral View of the Media as a Corporate Governance Mechanism
Bednar, M. K. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.0862 · Cited by 506
THE VALUATION OF AMERICAN PUT OPTIONS
Merton, R. C., Brennan, M. J., & Schwartz, E. S. (1977) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03284.x · Cited by 504
The dynamics of stochastic volatility: evidence from underlying and options markets
Jones, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(03)00107-6 · Cited by 504
Tournament incentives, firm risk, and corporate policies
Kini, O., & Williams, R. (2011) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.09.005 · Cited by 493
Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Sampling
Lemieux, C. (2009) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78165-5 · Cited by 533
Actuarial Theory for Dependent Risks: Measures, Orders and Models
Denuit, M. M., Kaas, R., Goovaerts, M. J., & Dhaene, J. (2005) · Cited by 489
Dynamic Strategies for Asset Allocation
Perold, A. F., & Sharpe, W. F. (1988) · Financial Analysts Journal · doi:10.2469/faj.v44.n1.16 · Cited by 498
A contingent-claims valuation of convertible securities
Ingersoll, J. E. (1977) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(77)90004-6 · Cited by 491
Executive pay and performance Evidence from the U.S. banking industry
Hubbard, R. G., & Palia, D. N. (1995) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(94)00816-j · Cited by 491
A Guided Tour through Quadratic Hedging Approaches
Schweizer, M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511569708.016 · Cited by 490
Financial Reporting Opacity and Expected Crash Risk: Evidence from Implied Volatility Smirks
Kim, J., & Zhang, L. (2013) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12048 · Cited by 487
Dowd, K. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118673485 · Cited by 489
The Effect of Executive Stock Option Plans on Stockholders and Bondholders
DeFusco, R. A., Johnson, R. R., & Zorn, T. S. (1990) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1990.tb03707.x · Cited by 489
Employee stock option exercises an empirical analysis
Huddart, S. J., & Lang, M. H. (1996) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/0165-4101(95)00409-2 · Cited by 488
The Psychophysiology of Real-Time Financial Risk Processing
Lo, A. W., & Репин, Д. В. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317361877 · Cited by 497
Baker, G. P., & Hall, B. J. (2004) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/423154 · Cited by 488
The information content of option prices and a test of market efficiency
Chiras, D. P., & Manaster, S. (1978) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(78)90030-2 · Cited by 485
R&D Expenditures and CEO Compensation
Cheng, S. (2004) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.305 · Cited by 479
Metadata
- Authors
- Black, F., & Scholes, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 637-654
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W2077791698
- Cited by
- 29,074
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 616 · 2025: 918 · 2024: 879 · 2023: 844 · 2022: 836 · 2021: 1015 · 2020: 1006 · 2019: 1099 · 2018: 1045 · 2017: 1068 · 2016: 1175 · 2015: 1174 · 2014: 1340 · 2013: 1260 · 2012: 1372
- FWCI
- 66.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Political Economy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Stochastic processes and financial applications
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Corporate Finance and Governance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Financial Reporting and Valuation Research
- Keywords
- option pricing, corporate liability, arbitrage, portfolio hedging, warrants, corporate bonds, default risk, common stock, real options
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review