The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Effect of the Expansion of the Voting Franchise on the Size of Government
Abstract
This paper examines the claim that expansion of the voting franchise has been an important factor in the growth of government. State government spending and state and local spending are explained using a panel of 46 states for 1950-88. Elimination of poll taxes and literacy tests led to higher turnout, particularly among the poor, and a poorer pivotal voter. As predicted, we find that these changes, a fall in the income of voters relative to state income, and the ouster of Republicans from state government led to a sharp rise in welfare spending but no change in other spending.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“If contests for power become more open, we would expect the demand for redistributive progressive taxation to increase, as suggested by the Meltzer-Richards (1981) framework and the empirical evidence in Husted and Kenny (1997).”
From Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little? (2014) · cites this paper as Husted and Kenny (1997)
Citations
Cites
Regression Diagnostics -- Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity
Beaumont, C. D., Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1981) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/2581267 · Cited by 6,362
Toward a More General Theory of Regulation
Peltzman, S. (1976) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/466865 · Cited by 4,780
A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence
Becker, G. S. (1983) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1886017 · Cited by 4,119
Mueller, D. C. (1989) · Cited by 1,284
Patterns of Congressional Voting
Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. L. (1991) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111445 · Cited by 760
Do Parties Make a Difference? Parties and the Size of Government in Liberal Democracies
Blais, A., Blake, D., & Dion, S. (1993) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111523 · Cited by 383
State and Local Public Finance
Fisher, R. C. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315718729 · Cited by 254
Interest groups and the size of government
Mueller, D. C., & Murrell, P. (1986) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/bf00179727 · Cited by 226
Testing political economy’s ‘as if’ proposition: is the median income voter really decisive?
Inman, R. P. (1978) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/bf03187595 · Cited by 212
Pressure groups and redistribution
Kristov, L., Lindert, P. H., & McClelland, R. (1992) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/0047-2727(92)90024-a · Cited by 202
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The New Politics of the Welfare State
Pierson, P. (2001) · doi:10.1093/0198297564.001.0001 · Cited by 3,374
Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little?
Besley, T., & Persson, T. (2014) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.28.4.99 · Cited by 819
Lizzeri, A., & Persico, N. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/0033553041382175 · Cited by 759
Radio's Impact on Public Spending
Stromberg, D. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355304772839560 · Cited by 729
Pande, R. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803769206232 · Cited by 658
Political institutions and policy choices: evidence from the United States
Besley, T. (2002) · Working paper series - Institute for Fiscal Studies/Working papers · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0213 · Cited by 594
The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform
Myles, J. F., & Pierson, P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0011 · Cited by 546
Coping With Permanent Austerity Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies
Pierson, P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0014 · Cited by 538
Women's Suffrage, Political Responsiveness, and Child Survival in American History *
Miller, G. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1287 · Cited by 421
Political Competition, Policy and Growth: Theory and Evidence from the US
Besley, T. J., Persson, T., & Sturm, D. (2010) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2010.00606.x · Cited by 416
Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Evidence from the United States
Besley, T. J., & Case, A. C. (2003) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.41.1.7 · Cited by 401
The Political Economy of Social Pacts: ‘Competitive Corporatism’ and European Welfare Reform
Rhodes, M. J. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0007 · Cited by 387
Democracy, Redistribution, and Inequality
Acemoğlu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., & Robinson, J. A. (2014) · Handbook of income distribution · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59429-7.00022-4 · Cited by 393
Voting Technology, Political Responsiveness, and Infant Health: Evidence From Brazil
Fujiwara, T. (2015) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta11520 · Cited by 387
The size and composition of government expenditure
Shelton, C. A. (2007) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.01.003 · Cited by 373
Democracy comes to Europe: Franchise extension and fiscal outcomes 1830–1938
Aidt, T. S., Dutta, J., & Loukoianova, E. (2004) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.07.004 · Cited by 315
Political Economics and Public Finance
Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (1999) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w7097 · Cited by 295
How Dramatically Did Women's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?Preprint
Lott, J. R. (1999) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.160530 · Cited by 287
The Dynamics of State Policy Liberalism, 1936–2014
Caughey, D., & Warshaw, C. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12219 · Cited by 278
Post‐Industrial Pressures on the Mature Welfare States
Pierson, P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0004 · Cited by 261
Equal Votes, Equal Money: Court-Ordered Redistricting and Public Expenditures in the American States
Ansolabehere, S. D., Gerber, A. S., & Snyder, J. (2002) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055402000448 · Cited by 251
Should Voting Be Mandatory? the Effect of Compulsory Voting Rules on Candidates' Political Platforms
Bugarin, M. S., & Portugal, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Economics · doi:10.1016/s1514-0326(15)30001-5 · Cited by 224
The economic effects of democratic participation
Mueller, D. C., & Stratmann, T. (2002) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/s0047-2727(02)00046-4 · Cited by 211
The taxman tools up: An event history study of the introduction of the personal income tax
Aidt, T. S., & Jensen, P. S. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.07.006 · Cited by 214
Partisan Competition and Welfare State Retrenchment
Kitschelt, H. P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0010 · Cited by 203
Political Institutions, Veto Points, and the Process of Welfare State Adaptation
Bonoli, G. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0009 · Cited by 199
Cascio, E., & Washington, E. (2013) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjt028 · Cited by 199
Plümper, T., & Martin, C. W. (2003) · Public Choice · doi:10.1023/a:1026112530744 · Cited by 194
Election Timing and the Electoral Influence of Interest Groups
Anzia, S. F. (2011) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381611000028 · Cited by 194
Aidt, T. S., & Jensen, P. S. (2008) · International Tax and Public Finance · doi:10.1007/s10797-008-9069-9 · Cited by 193
Electoral Authoritarianism and Human Development
Miller, M. K. (2015) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414015582051 · Cited by 185
Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment
Huber, É., & Stephens, J. D. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0005 · Cited by 183
Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy
Albertus, M., & Menaldo, V. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108185950 · Cited by 168
Political Parties and Representation of the Poor in the American States
Rigby, E., & Wright, G. C. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12007 · Cited by 162
Political Institutions and Welfare State Restructuring
Swank, D. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0008 · Cited by 157
Labour Market Regimes Under Threat? Sources of Continuity in Germany, Britain, and Sweden
Wood, S. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0013 · Cited by 151
Does Compulsory Voting Increase Support for Leftist Policy
Bechtel, M. M., Hangartner, D., & Schmid, L. (2016) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12224 · Cited by 128
Mark*Milanovic, B. G. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 141
Democracy, Redistribution and InequalityPreprint
Acemoğlu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., & Robinson, J. A. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2367088 · Cited by 140
The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion
Iversen, T. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0003 · Cited by 143
The Retrenchment Hypothesis and the Extension of the Franchise in England and Wales
Aidt, T. S., Daunton, M. J., & Dutta, J. (2010) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02344.x · Cited by 136
VOTING, INEQUALITY AND REDISTRIBUTION
Borck, R. (2007) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00265.x · Cited by 134
"The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion: Trade Openness, Deindustrialization and Partisan Politics"
Pierson, P., & Iversen, T. (2001) · Cited by 130
Reassessing the “Race to the Bottom” in State Welfare Policy
Berry, W. D., Fording, R. C., & Hanson, R. L. (2003) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-2-00003 · Cited by 128
Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellum U.S. South
Naidu, S. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18129 · Cited by 118
Does political knowledge increase turnout? Evidence from the 1997 British general election
Larcinese, V. (2007) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-006-9122-0 · Cited by 119
Electoral Competition in Heterogeneous Districts
Callander, S. (2005) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/444405 · Cited by 108
(2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 107
Women's suffrage and the growth of the welfare state
Abrams, B. A., & Settle, R. F. (1999) · Public Choice · doi:10.1023/a:1018312829025 · Cited by 103
Round Up the Usual Suspects!: Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Welfare State Change
Schwartz, H. M. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0002 · Cited by 105
Political competition, electoral participation and public finance in 20th century Latin America
Aidt, T. S., & Eterovic, D. S. (2010) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.06.006 · Cited by 100
Does democracy affect taxation and government spending? Evidence from developing countries
Profeta, P. A., Puglisi, R., & Scabrosetti, S. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2012.10.004 · Cited by 98
Income Inequality, the Median Voter, and the Support for Public Education
Corcoran, S., & Evans, W. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16097 · Cited by 107
Endogenous Enfranchisement When Groups’ Preferences Conflict
Conley, J. P., & Temimi, A. (2001) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/318601 · Cited by 97
Democracy, Redistribution and Inequality
Acemoğlu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., & Robinson, J. M. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19746 · Cited by 95
The Political Response to Black Insurgency: A Critical Test of Competing Theories of the State
Fording, R. C. (2001) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055401000090 · Cited by 90
Political competition, policy and growth: theory and evidence from the United States
Besley, T. J., Persson, T., & Sturm, D. (2010) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 87
Democratization and the size of government: evidence from the long 19th century
Aidt, T. S., & Jensen, P. S. (2013) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-013-0073-y · Cited by 88
Jack, W. G., & Lagunoff, R. (2005) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.003 · Cited by 84
POVERTY AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING: EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL
Bursztyn, L. (2016) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/jeea.12174 · Cited by 85
Political Competition and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence from the United States
Besley, T. J., Persson, T., & Sturm, D. (2006) · Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) · doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.769 · Cited by 83
The political economy of government size
Tridimas, G., & Winer, S. L. (2005) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.11.003 · Cited by 82
Manow, P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0006 · Cited by 81
The evolution of modern educational systems
Bertocchi, G., & Spagat, M. (2003) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.05.003 · Cited by 81
Turnout, political preferences and information: Experimental evidence from Peru
León, G. (2017) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.02.005 · Cited by 80
The Political Consequences of Franchise Extension: Evidence from the Second Reform Act
Berlinski, S., & Dewan, T. (2011) · Quarterly Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1561/100.00011013 · Cited by 80
Inclusion and Public Policy: Evidence from Sweden’s Introduction of Noncitizen Suffrage
Vernby, K. (2012) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00612.x · Cited by 77
Racial Diversity and Public Policy in the States
Matsubayashi, T., & Rocha, R. R. (2011) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912911401418 · Cited by 79
The Effects of Voting Costs on the Democratic Process and Public Finances
Hodler, R., Luechinger, S., & Stutzer, A. (2015) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20120383 · Cited by 78
Compulsory voting, turnout, and government spending: Evidence from Austria
Hoffman, M., León, G., & Lombardi, M. (2016) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.10.002 · Cited by 86
A Better Life for All? Democratization and Electrification in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Kroth, V. L., Larcinese, V., & Wehner, J. (2016) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/685451 · Cited by 78
Political institutions, voter turnout, and policy outcomes
Fumagalli, E., & Narciso, G. (2012) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.10.002 · Cited by 75
Aidt, T. S., & Mooney, G. (2014) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.01.003 · Cited by 75
The political economy of budget trade-offs
Adolph, C., Breunig, C., & Koski, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.1017/s0143814x18000326 · Cited by 71
On the Faustian Dynamics of Policy and Political Power
Bai, J. H., & Lagunoff, R. (2011) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdq022 · Cited by 71
Voting over Redistribution and the Size of the Welfare State: The Role of Turnout
Larcinese, V. (2007) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00658.x · Cited by 69
Political Competition and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence from the United States∗
Discussion, M., Fakultät, V., Besley, T. J., Persson, T., Sturm, D., Reich, M., Smart, M., Strömberg, D., Tabellini, G., & Wright, G. (2005) · Cited by 69
The aging population and the size of the welfare state: Is there a puzzle?
Shelton, C. A. (2007) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.10.002 · Cited by 65
Income inequality and social preferences for redistribution and compensation differentials
Kerr, W. R. (2014) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2014.03.002 · Cited by 65
Organized Labor's Check on Rising Economic Inequality in the U.S. States
Bucci, L. C. (2018) · State Politics & Policy Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1532440018760198 · Cited by 63
WOMEN PREFER LARGER GOVERNMENTS: GROWTH, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, AND GOVERNMENT SIZE
Cavalcanti, T. V. D. V., & Tavares, J. (2010) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00315.x · Cited by 61
Wealth concentration in the European periphery: Ireland, 1858-2001
Turner, J. D. (2010) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpp041 · Cited by 57
Immigration, Voting Rights, and Redistribution: Evidence from Local Governments in Europe
Ferwerda, J. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/709301 · Cited by 54
The impact of gender quotas on electoral participation: Evidence from Italian municipalities
Paola, M. D., Scoppa, V., & Benedetto, M. A. D. (2014) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.06.001 · Cited by 55
Social Sector Spending in a Panel of Countries
Baqir, R. (2002) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781451845365.001 · Cited by 51
Drometer, M., & Rincke, J. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1273540 · Cited by 51
(2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0198297564.003.0001 · Cited by 49
The Growth of Government: Sources and Limits
Kau, J. B., & Rubin, P. H. (2002) · Public Choice · doi:10.1023/a:1020884121375 · Cited by 49
The Great Escape: Intergenerational Mobility in the United States Since 1940
Hilger, N. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21217 · Cited by 54
Umbers, L. M. (2018) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123418000303 · Cited by 47
Is the median voter decisive? Evidence from referenda voting patterns
Brunner, E. J., & Ross, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.09.009 · Cited by 46
Carruthers, C. K., & Wanamaker, M. (2015) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.50.4.837 · Cited by 46
How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832
Aidt, T. S., & Franck, R. (2012) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-011-9911-y · Cited by 47
A Bark But No Bite: Inequality and the 2014 New Zealand General Election
Vowles, J., Coffé, H., & Curtin, J. (2017) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/bbnb.08.2017 · Cited by 46
Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act
Ang, D. (2019) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20170572 · Cited by 43
Growth of government and the politics of fiscal policy
Ghate, C., & Zak, P. J. (2002) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/s0954-349x(02)00007-3 · Cited by 42
Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act
Schuit, S. A., & Rogowski, J. C. (2016) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12284 · Cited by 40
Political economy of the inequality in school spending
Figlio, D., Husted, T. A., & Kenny, L. W. (2004) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2003.10.006 · Cited by 39
Self-citationTurner, J. D., & Zhan, W. (2010) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-010-9719-1 · Cited by 39
Demokratische Beteiligung und Staatsausgaben: Die Auswirkungen des Frauenstimmrechts
Stutzer, A., & Kienast, L. (2004) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-52105 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Husted, T. A., & Kenny, L. W.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-82
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W2057687391
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Political Economy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Fiscal Policies and Political Economy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Local Government Finance and Decentralization
- Keywords
- government size, state government spending, local government spending, poll tax, literacy tests, voter turnout, social spending, pivotal voters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review