The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phylogenies and the Comparative Method
Abstract
Comparative studies of the relationship between two phenotypes, or between a phenotype and an environment, are frequently carried out by invalid statistical methods. Most regression, correlation, and contingency table methods, including nonparametric methods, assume that the points are drawn independently from a common distribution. When species are taken from a branching phylogeny, they are manifestly nonindependent. Use of a statistical method that assumes independence will cause overstatement of the significance in hypothesis tests. Some illustrative examples of these phenomena have been given, and limitations of previous proposals of ways to correct for the nonindependence have been discussed. A method of correcting for the phylogeny has been proposed. It requires that we know both the tree topology and the branch lengths, and that we be willing to allow the characters to be modeled by Brownian motion on a linear scale. Given these conditions, the phylogeny specifies a set of contrasts among species, contrasts that are statistically independent and can be used in regression or correlation studies. The considerable barriers to making practical use of this technique have been discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We calculated standardized independent contrasts (FIC: Felsenstein 1985) for each of the above factors (territoriality, shoulder height, body mass, habitat openness and group size) using the PDTREE module (Midford et al. 2005) in Mesquite 2.5 (Maddison & Maddison 2008) to account for shared ancestry.”
From Evolution of weaponry in female bovids (2009) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“To test the effects of shared ancestry on trait correlations, we also carried out EMMLi analysis on the phylogenetic independent contrasts (45) of the landmark configurations. This analysis supported the same most likely model and relative strength of correlations within and among modules as the analysis of the raw data did.”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, because of shared phylogenetic descent, species data are likely not to represent statistically independent points.This results in overestimation of degrees of freedom and an increased Type I error rate.”
From Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism (2005) · cites this paper as Felsenstein, 1985
In the citing paper
“Felsenstein also noted that the problem of nonindependence does not occur if”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“He then evolved traits according to a BM process along the phylogeny; he recovered a significant regression slope using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) despite there being no evolutionary covariance between the traits.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“As stated above, the IC method is based on the BM model of trait evolution.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“This led to the development of numerous methods that take phylogeny into account and control for the non-independence of species16,18,19,33.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The fact that species cannot be considered independent data points was first recognized in the 1970s by evolutionary biologists studying the evolution of life history traits such as sexual dimorphism and home range in primates16,18,30–32.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“However, species, genomes and genes cannot be considered as independent data points within statistical tests.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Closely related species tend to be similar because they share genes by common descent, which must be accounted for in analyses.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“There is no simple and robust alternative to controlling for phylogeny, and consequently, the best effort possible must be made to take phylogeny into account, to be able to detect real effects and avoid false positives.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Collecting many more data points from the same phylogenetic cluster could increase any bias due to phylogenetic non-independence (Fig. 1)16,18,20.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Instead, controlling for phylogeny can reduce the chance of detecting a significant result that is not real (Type II error or ‘false positive’)18,42.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Controlling for confounding variables such as phylogeny does not reduce statistical power, because such variables should be accounted for before making any estimates of power18,114,115.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Phylogenetic independent contrasts were also calculated from the data to examine scaling relationships while controlling for the effects of phylogenetic relatedness in the data set (59).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“With a phylogeny, it becomes possible to examine correlated evolutionary change directly along the branches of the tree, for example with the method of independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985; Garland et al. 1992; Nunn and Barton 2001). Alternatively, one can use the phylogeny to statistically control for nonindependence in the underlying data, for example by using phylogenetic generalized least”
From How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology (2012) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
Citations
Cites
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571
Self-citationCases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading
Felsenstein, J. (1978) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/27.4.401 · Cited by 3,261
Self-citationPopulation density and body size in mammals
Damuth, J. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290699a0 · Cited by 1,189
Primate Ecology and Social Organization
Richard, A. F. (1982) · Cited by 835
Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates
Martin, R. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293057a0 · Cited by 711
Maximum-likelihood estimation of evolutionary trees from continuous characters.
(1973) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 700
Self-citationFelsenstein, J. (1981) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04991.x · Cited by 456
Self-citationPilbeam, D., & Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4167.892 · Cited by 416
Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Issues
Felsenstein, J. (1983) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001525 · Cited by 352
Self-citationRelative Brain Size and Metabolism in Mammals
Armstrong, E. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6407108 · Cited by 252
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,301–3,400 of 9,780
Matsubara, Y., Hirasawa, T., Egawa, S., Hattori, A., Suganuma, T., Kohara, Y., Nagai, T., Tamura, K., Kuratani, S., Kuroiwa, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0247-y · Cited by 53
Diamond, S. E., & Chick, L. D. (2017) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zox072 · Cited by 56
Gadissa, F., Tesfaye, K., Dagne, K., & Geleta, M. (2018) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/s12863-018-0682-z · Cited by 53
Plant DNA‐barcode library and community phylogeny for a semi‐arid East African savanna
Gill, B. A., Musili, P. M., Kurukura, S., Hassan, A. A., Goheen, J. R., Kress, W. J., Kuzmina, M., Pringle, R. M., & Kartzinel, T. R. (2019) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13001 · Cited by 53
The impact of locomotion on the brain evolution of squirrels and close relatives
Bertrand, O., Püschel, H. P., Schwab, J. A., Silcox, M. T., & Brusatte, S. L. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01887-8 · Cited by 56
Boinski, S., & Cropp, S. J. (1999) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/a:1020522519946 · Cited by 53
Dual function of the bushcricket spermatophore
Wedell, N. (1994) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1994.0160 · Cited by 53
A hierarchical analysis of the scaling of force and power production by dragonfly flight motors
Schilder, R. J., & Marden, J. H. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.00817 · Cited by 50
Schnabel, G., Schnabel, E. L., & Jones, A. L. (1999) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto.1999.89.1.100 · Cited by 53
Functional Divergence Prediction from Evolutionary Analysis: A Case Study of Vertebrate Hemoglobin
Gribaldo, S. (2003) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msg171 · Cited by 53
A comparison of ecological responses among aclonal (unitary), clonal and coalescing macroalgae
Santelices, B. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.017 · Cited by 53
Life History Variation in North American Freshwater Minnows: Effects of Latitude and Phylogeny
Gotelli, N. J., & Pyron, M. (1991) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545443 · Cited by 53
Sears, K. E., Finarelli, J. A., Flynn, J. J., & Wyss, A. R. (2008) · American Museum Novitates · doi:10.1206/627.1 · Cited by 53
Orthonormal Transform to Decompose the Variance of a Life‐History Trait across a Phylogenetic Tree
Ollier, S., Couteron, P., & Chessel, D. (2005) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00497.x · Cited by 53
The Diving Response Mechanism and its Surprising Evolutionary Path in Seals andSea Lions
Mottishaw, P. D., Thornton, S. J., & Hochachka, P. W. (1999) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/39.2.434 · Cited by 53
Opell, B. D., & Bond, J. E. (2001) · Evolutionary ecology research · Cited by 53
Sexual size dimorphism and phylogeny in North American minnows
Pyron, M. (1996) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1006/bijl.1996.0020 · Cited by 53
Shaffer, H. B., & LAUDER, G. V. (1988) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02440.x · Cited by 53
EGG VARIABILITY AND CONSPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM IN THE PLOCEUS WEAVERBIRDS
Freeman, S. (1988) · Ostrich · doi:10.1080/00306525.1988.9633694 · Cited by 53
Spicer, G. S. (1988) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02100081 · Cited by 53
Distinct evolutionary patterns of brain and body size during adaptive radiation
Gonzalez-Voyer, A., Winberg, S., & Kolm, N. (2009) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00705.x · Cited by 52
Sex chromosomes and male ornaments: a comparative evaluation in ray-finned fishes
Mank, J. E., Hall, D. W., Kirkpatrick, M., & Avise, J. C. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3334 · Cited by 54
Pepke, M. L., & Eisenberg, D. T. A. (2021) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15870 · Cited by 55
Trait‐dependent diversification in angiosperms: Patterns, models and data
Helmstetter, A. J., Zenil‐Ferguson, R., Sauquet, H., Otto, S. P., Méndez, M., Vallejo‐Marín, M., Schönenberger, J., Burgarella, C., Anderson, B., de Boer, H., et al. (2023) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14170 · Cited by 56
Correa, D. F., Álvarez‐Dávila, E., & Stevenson, P. R. (2014) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12248 · Cited by 52
Flynn, J. J., Finarelli, J. A., & Spaulding, M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139193436.003 · Cited by 54
Amphibians live longer at higher altitudes but not at higher latitudes
Zhang, L., & Lü, X. (2012) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01876.x · Cited by 54
Influence of body mass on the shape of forelimb in musteloid carnivorans
Fabre, A., Cornette, R., Peigné, S., & Goswami, A. (2013) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12103 · Cited by 52
Rager, L., Hautier, L., Forasiepi, A. M., Goswami, A., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2013) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.20203 · Cited by 51
Longevity Is Linked to Mitochondrial Mutation Rates in Rockfish: A Test Using Poisson Regression
Hua, X., Cowman, P. F., Warren, D. L., & Bromham, L. D. (2015) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msv137 · Cited by 50
Correlated Evolution of Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism across Higher Taxa
Lisle, S. P. D., & Rowe, L. (2013) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/673282 · Cited by 52
How quickly do brains catch up with bodies? A comparative method for detecting evolutionary lag
Deaner, R. O., & Nunn, C. L. (1999) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0690 · Cited by 51
Starostová, Z., Kubička, L., & Kratochvíl, L. (2010) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01933.x · Cited by 52
Phylogenetic signal in predator–prey body-size relationships
Naisbit, R. E., Kehrli, P., Rohr, R. P., & Bersier, L. (2011) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/10-2234.1 · Cited by 52
Weisbecker, V., & Warton, D. I. (2006) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.10495 · Cited by 52
Montgomery, M. K., Hulbert, A. J., & Buttemer, W. A. (2011) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2011.11.006 · Cited by 56
Occupancy, range size, and phylogeny in Eurasian Pliocene to Recent large mammals
Carotenuto, F., Barbera, C., & Raia, P. (2010) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/09059.1 · Cited by 50
Yang, J., Ci, X., Lu, M., Zhang, G., Cao, M., Li, J., & Lin, L. (2014) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtt070 · Cited by 52
Chandrasekaran, S. N., Yardımcı, G. G., Roux, Ö. L., Roach, J. M., & Carter, C. W. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst070 · Cited by 51
Multiple speciation events in an arthropod with divergent evolution in sexual morphology
Sota, T., & Tanabe, T. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1822 · Cited by 52
Kubo, T., & Kubo, M. O. (2012) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/11015.1 · Cited by 52
Queenborough, S. A., Mazer, S. J., Vamosi, S. M., Garwood, N. C., Valencia, R., & Freckleton, R. P. (2009) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01485.x · Cited by 52
Differential Codon Adaptation between dsDNA and ssDNA Phages in Escherichia coli
Chithambaram, S., Prabhakaran, R., & Xia, X. (2014) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msu087 · Cited by 52
Detection of Adaptive Shifts on Phylogenies by using Shifted Stochastic Processes on a Tree
Bastide, P., Mariadassou, M., & Robin, S. S. (2016) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/rssb.12206 · Cited by 55
Wu, C., & Chaw, S. (2016) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evw278 · Cited by 50
Licona-Vera, Y., & Ornelas, J. F. (2017) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5 · Cited by 52
Millions of Years Behind: Slow Adaptation of Ruminants to Grasslands
Toljagić, O., Voje, K. L., Matschiner, M., Liow, L. H., & Hansen, T. F. (2017) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx059 · Cited by 51
A General Model for Estimating Macroevolutionary Landscapes
Boucher, F. C., Démery, V., Conti, E., Harmon, L. J., & Uyeda, J. C. (2017) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx075 · Cited by 52
Focusing the diversity of Gardnerella vaginalis through the lens of ecotypes
Cornejo, O. E., Hickey, R. J., Suzuki, H., & Forney, L. J. (2017) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.12555 · Cited by 52
Cross-species Comparison of Proteome Turnover Kinetics
Swovick, K., Welle, K. A., Hryhorenko, J. R., Seluanov, A., Gorbunova, V. A., & Ghaemmaghami, S. (2018) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.ra117.000574 · Cited by 51
Fallon, B., & Cavender-Bares, J. M. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2149 · Cited by 52
Flower and foliage-infecting pathogens of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) plants
Punja, Z. K. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology · doi:10.1080/07060661.2018.1535467 · Cited by 52
A trait‐based approach to predict population genetic structure in bees
López-Uribe, M. M., Jha, S., & Soro, A. (2019) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15028 · Cited by 52
Correlated evolution of neck length and leg length in birds
Böhmer, C., Plateau, O., Cornette, R., & Abourachid, A. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181588 · Cited by 54
Véron, S., Saito, V. S., Padilla‐García, N., Forest, F., & Bertheau, Y. (2019) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/703580 · Cited by 61
Arístide, L., & Morlon, H. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13385 · Cited by 52
Diversification in evolutionary arenas—Assessment and synthesis
Nürk, N. M., Linder, H. P., Onstein, R. E., Larcombe, M. J., Hughes, C. E., Fernández, L. P., Schlüter, P. M., Valente, L., Beierkuhnlein, C., Cutts, V., et al. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6313 · Cited by 55
Long life evolves in large‐brained bird lineages*
Jiménez‐Ortega, D., Kolm, N., Immler, S., Maklakov, A. A., & González‐Voyer, A. (2020) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14087 · Cited by 51
Basal metabolic rate and risk‐taking behaviour in birds
Møller, A. P. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01850.x · Cited by 50
Jablonski, P. G., & Strausfeld, N. J. (2001) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000057565 · Cited by 52
Hughes, A. L., & Hughes, M. A. K. (2005) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.030 · Cited by 52
Mank, J. E., & Avise, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01132.x · Cited by 52
The evolution of life-history traits in parasitic and free-living platyhelminthes: a new perspective
Trouvé, S., Sasal, P., Jourdane, J., Renaud, F., & Morand, S. (1998) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050530 · Cited by 52
THE NESTING ECOLOGY OF THE ALLEN CAYS ROCK IGUANA, CYCLURA CYCHLURA INORNATA IN THE BAHAMAS
Iverson, J. B., Hines, K. N., & Valiulis, J. M. (2004) · Herpetological Monographs · doi:10.1655/0733-1347(2004)018[0001:tneota]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 52
Puniamoorthy, N., Su, K. F.-Y., & Meier, R. (2008) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-155 · Cited by 52
Philippine Birds of Prey: Interrelations among Habitat, Morphology, and Behavior
Winkler, H. (1998) · The Auk · doi:10.2307/4089419 · Cited by 52
Snyder, L. R. G., Hayes, J. P., & Chappell, M. A. (1988) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02487.x · Cited by 52
Sparti, A. (1992) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/physzool.65.1.30158240 · Cited by 52
Kamilar, J. M. (2009) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-009-9359-9 · Cited by 51
Mason, C. M., Goolsby, E. W., Humphreys, D. P., & Donovan, L. A. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12542 · Cited by 51
Endemism in historical biogeography and conservation biology: concepts and implications
Fattorini, S. (2017) · Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography · doi:10.21426/b632136433 · Cited by 56
Pollen grain size associated with pollinator feeding strategy
Hao, K., Tian, Z.-X., Wang, Z.-C., & Huang, S. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1191 · Cited by 51
Scaling Principles of White Matter Connectivity in the Human and Nonhuman Primate Brain
Ardesch, D. J., Scholtens, L. H., de Lange, S. C., Roumazeilles, L., Khrapitchev, A. A., Preuss, T. M., Rilling, J. K., Mars, R. B., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab384 · Cited by 58
Correlates of species richness in the largest Neotropical amphibian radiation
González‐Voyer, A., Padial, J. M., Castroviejo‐Fisher, S., la Riva, I. D., & Vilà, C. (2011) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02243.x · Cited by 51
Commonness and ecology, but not bigger brains, predict urban living in birds
Dale, S., Lifjeld, J. T., & Rowe, M. (2015) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-015-0044-x · Cited by 52
Different modes of evolution in males and females generate dichromatism in fairy‐wrens ( M aluridae)
Johnson, A. E., Price, J. J., & Pruett‐Jones, S. (2013) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.686 · Cited by 51
Is Extreme Bite Performance Associated with Extreme Morphologies in Sharks?
Huber, D. R., Claes, J. M., Mallefet, J., & Herrel, A. (2008) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/588177 · Cited by 51
The RAG-1 exon in the avian order Caprimulgiformes: Phylogeny, heterozygosity, and base composition
Barrowclough, G. F., Groth, J. G., & Mertz, L. A. (2006) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.013 · Cited by 51
THE EVOLUTION OF ENCEPHALIZATION IN CANIFORM CARNIVORANS
Finarelli, J. A., & Flynn, J. J. (2007) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00131.x · Cited by 51
Valero, K. C. W., & Measey, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01717.x · Cited by 51
Arístide, L., Rosenberger, A. L., Tejedor, M. F., & Pérez, S. I. (2013) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.008 · Cited by 57
Kimberley, A., Blackburn, G. A., Whyatt, D., KIRBY, K. J., & Smart, S. M. (2013) · Applied Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/avsc.12047 · Cited by 51
Chewing Rate Allometry Among Mammals
Gerstner, G. E., & Gerstein, J. B. (2008) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-188.1 · Cited by 51
The smallest avian genomes are found in hummingbirds
Gregory, T. R., Andrews, C. B., McGuire, J. A., & Witt, C. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1004 · Cited by 51
Metabolic rate and endurance capacity in Australian varanid lizards (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus)
Clemente, C. J., Withers, P. C., & Thompson, G. G. (2009) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01207.x · Cited by 51
Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., & Kitajima, K. (2014) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.045 · Cited by 51
Curole, J. P., & Kocher, T. D. (2005) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0192-7 · Cited by 51
Ecological niche and species traits: key drivers of regional plant invader assemblages
Thuiller, W., Gassó, N., Pino, J., & Vilà, M. (2012) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0206-0 · Cited by 51
Veselý, P., Bureš, P., & Šmarda, P. (2013) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mct185 · Cited by 51
Abellán, P., Carrete, M., Anadón, J. D., Cardador, L., & Tella, J. L. (2015) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12403 · Cited by 53
Felice, R. N., & O’Connor, P. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089737 · Cited by 50
How Can We Study the Evolution of Animal Minds?
Cauchoix, M., & Chaine, A. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00358 · Cited by 51
Morphological evolution of the mammalian cecum and cecal appendix
Smith, H. F., Parker, W., Kotzé, S. H., & Laurin, M. (2017) · Comptes Rendus Palevol · doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.06.001 · Cited by 51
Arène, F., Affre, L., Doxa, A., & Saatkamp, A. (2017) · Seed Science Research · doi:10.1017/s0960258517000083 · Cited by 51
Genome Size in North American Fireflies: Substantial Variation Likely Driven by Neutral Processes
Lower, S. E., Johnston, J. S., Stanger‐Hall, K. F., Hjelmen, C. E., Hanrahan, S. J., Korunes, K. L., & Hall, D. W. (2017) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evx097 · Cited by 51
Evolution of cranial telescoping in echolocating whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)
Churchill, M., Geisler, J. H., Beatty, B. L., & Goswami, A. (2018) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13480 · Cited by 51
Lombal, A. J., O'Dwyer, J., Friesen, V. L., Woehler, E. J., & Burridge, C. P. (2020) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12580 · Cited by 51
Forsythe, E. S., Williams, A. M., & Sloan, D. B. (2021) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1093/plcell/koab021 · Cited by 49
Orkney, A., Bjarnason, A., Tronrud, B. C., & Benson, R. (2021) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01509-w · Cited by 52
The Adaptations of Branisella boliviana, the Earliest South American Monkey
Kay, R. F., Williams, B. A., & Anaya, F. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1343-8_9 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Felsenstein, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felsenstein, Joseph
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2013410948
- Cited by
- 9,793
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 242 · 2025: 311 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 361 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 391 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 465 · 2018: 375 · 2017: 374 · 2016: 374 · 2015: 399 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 343
- FWCI
- 40.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Washington
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- phylogenetic comparative analysis, Brownian motion model, branch length, tree topology, contingency tables, character evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
