The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
Open accessAbstract
Starburst99 is a comprehensive set of model predictions for spectrophotometric and related properties of galaxies with active star formation. The models are an improved and extended version of the data set previously published by Leitherer & Heckman. We have upgraded our code by implementing the latest set of stellar evolution models of the Geneva group and the model atmosphere grid compiled by Lejeune et al. Several predictions which were not included in the previous publication are shown here for the first time. The models are presented in a homogeneous way for five metallicities between Z = 0.040 and 0.001 and three choices of the initial mass function. The age coverage is 10 6 —10 9 yr. We also show the spectral energy distributions which are used to compute colors and other quantities. The full data set is available for retrieval at a Web site, which allows users to run specific models with nonstandard parameters as well. We also make the source code available to the community.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Massive ( ≳ 8 M ⊙ ) stars generate mechanical energy via stellar winds and SNe (Leitherer & Heckman 1995; Leitherer et al. 1999; Sternberg et al. 2003).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Leitherer et al. 1999
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Luminosity function and stellar evolution
Salpeter, E. (1955) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/145971 · Cited by 6,816
Calzetti, D., Kinney, A., & Storchi-Bergmann, T. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/174346 · Cited by 1,296
Astronomical Measurements in the Infrared
Johnson, H. L. (1966) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.04.090166.001205 · Cited by 918
A standard stellar library for evolutionary synthesis
Lejeune, T. M., Cuisinier, F., & Buser, R. (1997) · Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series · doi:10.1051/aas:1997373 · Cited by 787
Model Atmospheres for Population Synthesis
Kurucz, R. L. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2434-8_30 · Cited by 746
Synthetic properties of starburst galaxies
Leitherer, C., & Heckman, T. M. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/192112 · Cited by 672
Self-citationReddening and Star Formation in Starburst Galaxies
Calzetti, D. (1997) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/118242 · Cited by 449
Energy Input and Mass Redistribution by Supernovae in the Interstellar Medium
Thornton, K. M., Gaudlitz, M., Janka, H. T., & Steinmetz, M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305704 · Cited by 428
New Models for Wolf‐Rayet and O Star Populations in Young Starbursts
Schaerer, D., & Vacca, W. D. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305487 · Cited by 375
Self-citationDeposition of mass, momentum, and energy by massive stars into the interstellar medium
Leitherer, C., Robert, C., & Drissen, L. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172089 · Cited by 363
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- Cervino M., 1994, A&A, 284, 749
- Cervino, M., Mas-Hesse, J. M. & Kunth, D. 1997, in Starburst Activity in Galaxies, ed. J. Franco, R. Terlevich, & A. Serrano (Rev. Mexicana Astron. Astrofis. Conf. Ser. 6), 188
- Charbonnel D., 1993, A&AS, 101, 415
- Dionne, D. 1999, in IAU Symp. 193, Wolf-Rayet Phenomena in Massive Stars and Starburst Galaxies, ed. K. A. van der Hucht, G. Koenigsberger, & P. R. J. Eenens (San Francisco: ASP), in press
- Fioc M., 1997, A&A, 326, 950
- Langer N., 1995, A&A, 295, 685
- Leitherer, C. 1998, in 38th Herstmonceux Conference, The Stellar Initial Mass Function, ed. G. Gilmore, I. Parry, & S. Ryan (San Francisco: ASP), 61
- Maeder A., 1990, A&AS, 84, 139
- Maeder A., 1992, A&A, 264, 105
- Maeder A., 1994, A&A, 287, 803
- Meynet G., 1995, A&A, 298, 767
- Meynet G., 1994, A&AS, 103, 97
- Moller C., 1997, A&A, 317, 676
- Origlia L., 1993, A&A, 280, 536
- Robert, C. 1999, in IAU Symp. 193, Wolf-Rayet Phenomena in Massive Stars and Starburst Galaxies, ed. K. A. van der Hucht, G. Koenigsberger, & P. R. J. Eenens (San Francisco: ASP), in press
- Scalo, J. 1998, in 38th Herstmonceux Conference, The Stellar Initial Mass Function, ed. G. Gilmore, I. Parry, & S. Ryan (San Francisco: ASP), 201
- Schaerer D., 1993, A&AS, 102, 339
- Schaerer D., 1997, A&A, 322, 598
- Schaerer D., 1993, A&AS, 98, 523
- Schaller G., 1992, A&AS, 96, 269
- Schmidt-Kaler, T. 1982, in Landolt-Bornstein, New Series, Group VI, Vol. 2b, ed. K. Schaifers & H. H. Voigt (Berlin: Springer), 1
- Smith L. F., 1991, A&A, 241, 77
- Stasinska G., 1997, A&A, 322, 615
- Vanbeveren D., 1997, A&A, 317, 487
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,004 of 1,004
CALIBRATING UV STAR FORMATION RATES FOR DWARF GALAXIES FROM STARBIRDS
McQuinn, K. B. W., Skillman, E. D., Dolphin, A. E., & Mitchell, N. P. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/109 · Cited by 48
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34
“The stellar feedback is mostly dominated by SNe explosions (typically core-collapse type) after the initial ∼ 3 − 4 Myr of the stellar evolution (Leitherer & Heckman 1995; Leitherer et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialClues to the origin of Fermi bubbles from O viii/O vii line ratio
Sarkar, K. C., Nath, B. B., & Sharma, P. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx314 · Cited by 30
Possible connection between the asymmetry of the North Polar Spur and Loop I and Fermi bubbles
Sarkar, K. C. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2944 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Leitherer, C., Schaerer, D., Goldader, J. D., Delgado, R. M. G., Robert, C., Kune, D. F., de Mello, D. F., Devost, D., & Heckman, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (FR)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-40
- ISSN
- 0067-0049 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4365
- OpenAlex
- W2041127769
- Cited by
- 4,126
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 166 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 189 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 219 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 152 · 2013: 191 · 2012: 174
- FWCI
- 73.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Astrophysics Source Code Library
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Starburst99, starburst galaxies, active star formation, spectral energy distribution, stellar evolution models, model atmospheres, initial mass function, metallicity, galaxy age, galaxy color
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
