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Cited by 30Astrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaAstrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

Clues to the origin of Fermi bubbles from O viii/O vii line ratio

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Sarkar, Kartick C., Nath, Biman B., Sharma, Prateek·2017·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DOI 10.1093/mnras/stx314
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Abstract

We constrain the origin of Fermi bubbles using 2D hydrodynamical simulations of both star formation-driven and black hole accretion-driven wind models. We compare our results with recent observations of O viii to O vii line ratio within and near Fermi bubbles. Our results suggest that independent of the driving mechanisms, a low-luminosity (⁠|$\mathcal {L} \sim 0.7\hbox{--}1\times 10^{41}$| erg s−1) energy injection best reproduces the observed line ratio for which the shock temperature is ≈3 × 106 K. Assuming the Galactic halo temperature to be 2 × 106 K, we estimate the shock velocity to be ∼300 km s−1 for a weak shock. The corresponding estimated age of the Fermi bubbles is ∼15–25 Myr. Such an event can be produced either by a star formation rate of ∼0.5 M⊙ yr−1 at the Galactic Centre or a very low-luminosity jet/accretion wind arising from the central black hole. Our analysis rules out any activity that generates an average mechanical luminosity ≳1041 erg s−1 as a possible origin of the Fermi bubbles.

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  • Synthetic emission line ratios from hydrodynamical simulations suggest that the line ratios are consistent with a lower shock Mach number of about 1.5, requiring a power of about 10^40.5-41 erg s^-1.

    “However, the synthetic emission line ratios obtained from hydrodynamical simulations (including the effects of an extended CGM) suggest that the line ratios are consistent with a lower shock Mach number ( ∼ 1 . 5), therefore, require a power of ∼ 10 40 . 5 -41 erg s -1 (Sarkar et al. 2017).”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Sarkar et al. 2017

  • The shock temperature for the low-power bubbles (at least for the L_wind ∼10^41 erg/s case) are also consistent with the NPS temperature as well as the O viii/O vii intensity ratios outside the NPs.

    “The shock temperature for the low-power bubbles (at least for the L wind ∼ 10 41 erg s -1 case) are also consistent with the NPS temperature as well as the O viii / O vii intensity ratios outside the NPs (Sarkar et al. 2017).”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Sarkar et al. 2017

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Crocker, R. M., Bicknell, G. V., Taylor, A. M., Carretti, E., 2014, arXiv: 1412.7510 · arXiv
  2. Gu L., Mao J., Costantini E., Kaastra J., 2016, arxiv:1607.08334 · arXiv
  3. Lallement R., Snowden S., Kuntz K. D., Dame T. M., Koutroumpa D., Grenier I., Casandjian J. M., 2016, arxiv:1609.03813 · arXiv
  4. McMillan P. J., 2016, arxiv:1608.00971 · arXiv
  5. Miller M. J., Bregman J. N., 2016, arxiv:1607.04906 · arXiv
  6. Nicastro F., Sentatore F., Krongold Y., Mathur S., Elvis M., 2016, arxiv:1604.08210 · arXiv

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Authors
Sarkar, K. C., Nath, B. B., & Sharma, P.
Affiliations
  • Raman Research Institute (IN)
  • Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (IN)
Corresponding author
  • Sarkar, Kartick C.
  • Nath, Biman B.
ORCID
Venue
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2017-02-07
Volume
467
Issue
3
Pages
3544-3555
ISSN
  • 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2966
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stx314
OpenAlex
W2587572564
Cited by
30
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
FWCI
1.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
  • NOT FOUND REPOSITORY (Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) (acceptedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
KCS (6-10/2014[IC])
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords
Fermi bubbles, Galactic Center, mechanical luminosity, shock temperature, shock velocity, Galactic halo, fluid simulation, energy injection

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