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M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole
Open accessAbstract
Galaxies that contain bulges appear to contain central black holes whose masses correlate with the velocity dispersion of the bulge. We show that no corresponding relationship applies in the pure disk galaxy M33. Three-integral dynamical models fit Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 photometry and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectroscopy best if the central black hole mass is zero. The upper limit is 1500 M ⊙ . This is significantly below the mass expected from the velocity dispersion of the nucleus and far below any mass predicted from the disk kinematics. Our results suggest that supermassive black holes are associated only with galaxy bulges and not with their disks.
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Citations
Cited by
THE M-σ AND M-L RELATIONS IN GALACTIC BULGES, AND DETERMINATIONS OF THEIR INTRINSIC SCATTER
Gültekin, K., Richstone, D. O., Gebhardt, K., Lauer, T. R., Tremaine, S., Aller, M. C., Bender, R., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Filippenko, A. V., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/698/1/198 · Cited by 1,533
Self-citationFormation of supermassive black holes
Volonteri, M. (2010) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-010-0029-x · Cited by 783
Beyond the Bulge: A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Dark Matter Halos
Ferrarese, L. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/342308 · Cited by 600
Axisymmetric Dynamical Models of the Central Regions of Galaxies
Gebhardt, K., Richstone, D., Tremaine, S., Lauer, T. R., Bender, R., Bower, G., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Filippenko, A. V., Green, R., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/345081 · Cited by 393
Self-citationA New Sample of Low‐Mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies
Greene, J. E., & Ho, L. C. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/522082 · Cited by 385
Metadata
- Authors
- Gebhardt, K., Lauer, T. R., Kormendy, J., Pinkney, J., Bower, G. A., Green, R., Gull, T., Hutchings, J. B., Kaiser, M. E., Nelson, C. H., Richstone, D., & Weistrop, D.
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2469-2476
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964089940
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 10.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/323481
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- Gebhardt, K., Lauer, T. R., Kormendy, J., Pinkney, J., Bower, G. A., Green, R., Gull, T., Hutchings, J. B., Kaiser, M. E., Nelson, C. H., Richstone, D., & Weistrop, D. (2001). M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole. The Astronomical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/323481
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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