The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A New Sample of Low‐Mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies
Open accessAbstract
We present an expanded sample of low-mass black holes (BHs) found in galactic nuclei. Using standard virial mass techniques to estimate BH masses, we select from the Fourth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey all broad-line active galaxies with masses <2 × 10 6 M ☉ . BHs in this mass regime provide unique tests of the relationship between BHs and galaxies, since their late-type galaxy hosts do not necessarily contain classical bulges. Furthermore, they provide observational analogs of primordial seed BHs and are expected, when merging, to provide strong gravitational signals for future detectors such as LISA . From our preliminary sample of 19, we have increased the total sample by an order of magnitude to 174, as well as an additional 55 (less secure) candidates. The sample has a median BH mass of ⟨ M BH ⟩ = 1.3 × 10 6 M ☉ , and in general the objects are radiating at high fractions of their Eddington limits. We investigate the broad spectral properties of the sample; 55 are detected by ROSAT , with soft X-ray luminosities in the range 10 40 to 7 × 10 43 ergs s -1 . Much like the preliminary sample, these objects are predominantly radio-quiet ( R ≡ f 6cm / f 4400Å < 10), but 11 objects are detected at 20 cm, with radio powers (10 21 -10 23 W Hz -1 ) that may arise from either star formation or nuclear activity; only 1% of the sample is radio-loud. We further confirm that, with ⟨ M g ⟩ = -19.3 and ⟨ g - r ⟩ = 0.7 mag, the host galaxies are low-mass, late-type systems. At least 40% show disklike morphologies, and the combination of host galaxy colors and higher order Balmer absorption lines indicate intermediate-age stellar populations in a subset of the sample.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Spergel, D. N., Verde, L., Peiris, H. V., Komatsu, E., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., Halpern, M., Hinshaw, G., Jarosik, N., Kogut, A., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/377226 · Cited by 10,976
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
York, D. G., Adelman, J., Anderson, Jr., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., Bakken, J. A., Barkhouser, R., Bastian, S., Berman, E., et al. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301513 · Cited by 10,366
Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects
Baldwin, J. A., Phillips, M. M., & Terlevich, R. (1981) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/130766 · Cited by 5,132
Dickey, J. M., & Lockman, F. J. (1990) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.001243 · Cited by 4,492
A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
Ferrarese, L., & Merritt, D. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312838 · Cited by 4,417
The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei
Kauffmann, G., Heckman, T. M., Tremonti, C., Brinchmann, J., Charlot, S., White, S. D. M., Ridgway, S. E., Brinkmann, J., Fukugita, M., Hall, P. B., et al. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07154.x · Cited by 3,978
A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., Bower, G., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Filippenko, A. V., Green, R., Grillmair, C., Ho, L. C., Kormendy, J., et al. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312840 · Cited by 3,671
Self-citationTremonti, C. A., Heckman, T. M., Kauffmann, G., Brinchmann, J., Charlot, S., White, S. D. M., Seibert, M., Peng, E. W., Schlegel, D. J., Uomoto, A., et al. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/423264 · Cited by 3,608
The FIRST Survey: Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters
Becker, R. H., White, R. L., & Helfand, D. J. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176166 · Cited by 2,911
The Slope of the Black Hole Mass versus Velocity Dispersion Correlation
Tremaine, S., Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., Bower, G., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Filippenko, A. V., Green, R., Grillmair, C., Ho, L. C., et al. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/341002 · Cited by 2,617
Self-citation
Cited by
RELATIONS BETWEEN CENTRAL BLACK HOLE MASS AND TOTAL GALAXY STELLAR MASS IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE
Reines, A. E., & Volonteri, M. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/813/2/82 · Cited by 849
The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
Inayoshi, K., Visbal, E., & Haiman, Z. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-120419-014455 · Cited by 665
Structure and Formation of Elliptical and Spheroidal Galaxies
Bender, R. (2016) · doi:10.15781/t28g8fm0v · Cited by 555
Birth of a relativistic outflow in the unusual γ-ray transient Swift J164449.3+573451
Zauderer, B. A., Berger, E., Soderberg, A. M., Loeb, A., Narayan, R., Frail, D. A., Petitpas, G. R., Brunthaler, A., Chornock, R., Carpenter, J. M., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10366 · Cited by 423
An expanded Mbh-σ diagram, and a new calibration of active galactic nuclei masses: The Mbh-σ diagram
Graham, A. W., Onken, C. A., Athanassoula, E., & Combes, F. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18045.x · Cited by 422
Metadata
- Authors
- Greene, J. E., & Ho, L. C.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2007-11-20
- Volume
- 670
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 92-104
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1968017165
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 72
- FWCI
- 10.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A New Sample of Low‐Mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/522082
- The paper
- Greene, J. E., & Ho, L. C. (2007). A New Sample of Low‐Mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/522082
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
