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The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy’s Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth
Open accessAbstract
We have obtained the first detection of spectral absorption lines in one of the high-velocity stars in the vicinity of the Galaxy's central supermassive black hole. Both Brγ (2.1661 μm) and He I (2.1126 μm) are seen in absorption in S0-2 with equivalent widths (2.8 ± 0.3 and 1.7 ± 0.4 Å) and an inferred stellar rotational velocity (220 ± 40 km s -1 ) that are consistent with that of an O8-B0 dwarf, which suggests that it is a massive (~15 M ☉ ) young (less than 10 Myr) main-sequence star. This presents a major challenge to star formation theories, given the strong tidal forces that prevail over all distances reached by S0-2 in its current orbit (130-1900 AU) and the difficulty in migrating this star inward during its lifetime from farther out where tidal forces should no longer preclude star formation. The radial velocity measurements ( = -510 ± 40 km s -1 ) and our reported proper motions for S0-2 strongly constrain its orbit, providing a direct measure of the black hole mass of 4.1(±0.6) × 10 6 3 M ☉ . The Keplerian orbit parameters have uncertainties that are reduced by a factor of 2-3 compared to previously reported values and include, for the first time, an independent solution for the dynamical center; this location, while consistent with the nominal infrared position of Sgr A*, is localized to a factor of 5 more precisely (±2 mas). Furthermore, the ambiguity in the inclination of the orbit is resolved with the addition of the radial velocity measurement, indicating that the star is behind the black hole at the time of closest approach and counterrevolving against the Galaxy. With further radial velocity measurements in the next few years, the orbit of S0-2 will provide the most robust estimate of the distance to the Galactic center.
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“Our Galaxy is known to contain a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of mass M bh ≈ 4 . 14 × 10 6 M ⊙ at its center, Sgr A ∗ , at a distance of D = 8 . 127 kpc (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; Genzel et al. 2010; GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2019; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ghez et al. 2003
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“very similar to the MW black hole, M bh ≈ 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ghez et al. 2003
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Geodesic motion around hairy black holes
Ramos-Cisneros, A., Arias, C., Avalos, R., & Contreras, E. (2021) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.aop.2021.168557 · Cited by 38
VLT L -band mapping of the Galactic center IRS 3-IRS 13 region
Moultaka, J., Eckart, A., Schödel, R., Viehmann, T., & Najarro, F. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052819 · Cited by 38
Using the motion of S2 to constrain scalar clouds around Sgr A*
Foschi, A., Abuter, R., Aimar, N., Amaro‐Seoane, P., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J.-P., Bonnet, H., Bourdarot, G. G., Brandner, W., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1939 · Cited by 48
On highly eccentric stellar trajectories interacting with a self-gravitating disc in Sgr A$^{\star}$
Šubr, L., & Karas, V. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042089 · Cited by 37
A comprehensive set of simulations of high-velocity collisions between main sequence stars
Freitag, M. D., & Benz, W. (2004) · reroDoc Digital Library · doi:10.7892/boris.115889 · Cited by 37
Bright X-ray flares from Sgr A*
Karssen, G. D., Bursa, M., Eckart, A., Valencia-S., M., Dovčiak, M., Karas, V., & Horák, J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2312 · Cited by 34
Markoff, S. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/427841 · Cited by 36
Yuan, F., Shen, Z. Q., & Huang, L. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/504475 · Cited by 36
The Hypervelocity Star SDSS J090745.0+024507 Is Variable
Fuentes, C. I., Stanek, K. Z., Gaudi, B. S., McLeod, B. A., Bogdanov, S., Hartman, J. D., Hickox, R. C., & Holman, M. J. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/499233 · Cited by 36
Rich, R. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5612-0_6 · Cited by 35
Detection of faint stars near Sagittarius A* with GRAVITY
Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J.-P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Clénet, Y., Dallilar, Y., Davies, R., de Zeeuw, P. T., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039544 · Cited by 38
Evolution of Star Clusters near the Galactic Center: Fully Self‐ConsistentN‐Body Simulations
Fujii, M., Iwasawa, M., Funato, Y., & Makino, J. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/591483 · Cited by 35
NGC 4435: a bulge-dominated galaxy with an unforeseen low-mass central black hole
Coccato, L., Sarzi, M., Pizzella, A., Corsini, E. M., Bontà, E. D., & Bertola, F. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09901.x · Cited by 35
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34
“…Milky Way (MW) is most probably similar to NGC 3079 which also has a central black (mass ∼ 2 × 10 6 M ⊙ ; Trotter et al. 1998; Kondratko et al. 2005), very similar to the MW black hole, M bh ≈ 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
BackgroundON THE ORIGIN OF THE B-STARS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Madigan, A.-M., Pfuhl, O., Levin, Y., Gillessen, S., Genzel, R., & Perets, H. B. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/784/1/23 · Cited by 39
Unveiling the nature of SgrA* with the geodesic motion of S-stars
Monica, R. D., & Martino, I. D. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/03/007 · Cited by 35
Schödel, R., Eckart, A., Mužić, K., Meyer, L., Viehmann, T., & Bower, G. C. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066590 · Cited by 34
Krabbe, A., Iserlohe, C., Larkin, J. E., Barczys, M., McElwain, M. W., Weiss, J. L., Wright, S. A., & Quirrenbach, A. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/504587 · Cited by 34
Self-citationMetal enrichment due to embedded stars in AGN discs
Huang, J., Lin, D. N. C., & Shields, G. A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2642 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Ghez, A. M., Duchêne, G., Matthews, K., Hornstein, S. D., Tanner, A., Larkin, J., Morris, M., Becklin, E. E., Salim, S., Kremenek, T., Thompson, D., Soifer, B. T., Neugebauer, G., & McLean, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2003-04-01
- Volume
- 586
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- L127-L131
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2003155983
- Cited by
- 717
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 40.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9988397, 9876783)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, supermassive black holes, Sgr A*, black hole mass, stellar orbits, tidal disruption, young massive stars, stellar rotation, radial velocity, proper motions, Keplerian orbits, galactocentric distance
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