A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centres-more than a million times the mass of the Sun. Measurements of stellar velocities and the discovery of variable X-ray emission have provided strong evidence in favour of such a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, but have hitherto been unable to rule out conclusively the presence of alternative concentrations of mass. Here we report ten years of high-resolution astrometric imaging that allows us to trace two-thirds of the orbit of the star currently closest to the compact radio source (and massive black-hole candidate) Sagittarius A*. The observations, which include both pericentre and apocentre passages, show that the star is on a bound, highly elliptical keplerian orbit around Sgr A*, with an orbital period of 15.2 years and a pericentre distance of only 17 light hours. The orbit with the best fit to the observations requires a central point mass of (3.7 +/- 1.5) x 10(6) solar masses (M(*)). The data no longer allow for a central mass composed of a dense cluster of dark stellar objects or a ball of massive, degenerate fermions.
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The mass of the Milky Way black hole is approximately 4 × 10^6 solar masses.
“very similar to the MW black hole, M bh ≈ 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Schödel et al. 2002
Our Galaxy contains a SMBH of mass Mbh≈4.14×10^6 M⊙ at its center, Sgr A*, at a distance D=8.127 kpc.
“Our Galaxy is known to contain a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of mass M bh ≈ 4 . 14 × 10 6 M ⊙ at its center, Sgr A ∗ , at a distance of D = 8 . 127 kpc (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; Genzel et al. 2010; GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2019; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Schödel et al. 2002
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Relativistic dynamics and extreme mass ratio inspirals
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The Shortest-Known–Period Star Orbiting Our Galaxy’s Supermassive Black Hole
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Spin, Accretion, and the Cosmological Growth of Supermassive Black Holes
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XMM-Newton observation of the brightest X-ray flare detected so far from Sgr A*
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Super-massive Black Hole Demography: the Match between the Local and Accreted Mass FunctionsPreprint
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Spin-Induced Black Hole Spontaneous Scalarization
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A Disk of Young Stars at the Galactic Center as Determined by Individual Stellar OrbitsPreprint
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Star Formation Around Supermassive Black Holes
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- Authors
- Schödel, R., Ott, T., Genzel, R., Hofmann, R., Lehnert, M., Eckart, A., Mouawad, N., Alexander, T., Reid, M. J., Lenzen, R., Hartung, M., Lacombe, F., Rouan, D., Gendron, E., Rousset, G., Lagrange, A.-M., Brandner, W., Ageorges, N., Lidman, C., Moorwood, A. F. M., Spyromilio, J., Hubin, N., & Menten, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Observatoire de Paris (FR)
- Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales (FR)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schödel, R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 419
- Issue
- 6908
- Pages
- 694-696
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2001876144
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 46.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Southern Observatory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, supermassive black holes, S2 star, stellar orbits, astrometry, Galactic Center, Keplerian orbits, central mass concentration
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