Ionizing Photon Emission Rates from O‐ and Early B‐Type Stars and Clusters
Open accessAbstract
We present new computations of the ionizing spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and Lyman continuum (Lyc) and HeI continuum photon emission rates, for hot O-type and early B-type stars. We consider solar metallicity stars, with effective temperatures ranging from 25,000 to 55,000 K and surface gravities (cm s^-2) logg ranging from 3 to 4, covering the full range of spectral types and luminosity classes for hot stars. We use our updated (WM-basic) code to construct radiation-driven wind atmosphere models for hot stars. Our models include the coupled effects of hydrodynamics and non-LTE radiative transfer in spherically outflowing winds, including the detailed effects of metal line blocking and line blanketing on the radiative transfer and energy balance. We incorporate our hot-star models into our population synthesis code (STARS), and we compute the time-dependent SEDs and resulting Lyc and HeI emission rates for evolving star clusters. We present results for continuous and impulsive star formation for a range of assumed stellar initial mass functions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Massive (≳8 M⊙) stars generate mechanical energy via stellar winds and SNe.
“Massive ( ≳ 8 M ⊙ ) stars generate mechanical energy via stellar winds and SNe (Leitherer & Heckman 1995; Leitherer et al. 1999; Sternberg et al. 2003).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Sternberg et al. 2003
The Introduction (p. 1) says massive hot stars inject energy into the interstellar medium through winds and supernova explosions, supporting the main point. It does not specify the cited ≳8 M⊙ mass threshold. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
Leitherer, C., Schaerer, D., Goldader, J. D., Delgado, R. M. G., Robert, C., Kune, D. F., de Mello, D. F., Devost, D., & Heckman, T. M. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/313233 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Spectral evolution of stellar populations using isochrone synthesis
Bruzual, G. A., & Charlot, S. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172385 · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
Radiation-driven winds in Of stars
Castor, J., Abbott, D. C., & Klein, R. (1975) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/153315 · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Shapley, A. E., Steidel, C. C., Pettini, M., & Adelberger, K. L. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/373922 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
The Treatment of Non‐LTE Line Blanketing in Spherically Expanding Outflows
Hillier, D. J., & Miller, D. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305350 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Spectra of z~3 Lyman Break GalaxiesPreprint
Shapley, A. E., Steidel, C. C., Pettini, M., et al. (2003) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0301230 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
The Lyman-Continuum Fluxes and Stellar Parameters of O and Early B-Type Stars
Vacca, W. D., Garmany, C. D., & Shull, J. M. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177020 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Some Physical parameters of early-type stars
Panagia, N. (1973) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/111498 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Kudritzki, R., & Puls, J. (2000) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.613 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Model Atmospheres for Population Synthesis
Kurucz, R. L. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2434-8_30 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
A Grid of Non‐LTE Line‐blanketed Model Atmospheres of O‐Type Stars
Lanz, T. M., & Hubený, I. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/374373 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Synthetic properties of starburst galaxies
Leitherer, C., & Heckman, T. M. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/192112 · Cited by 672 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…our stellar atmosphere grid, in combination with evolutionary models, to carry out " population synthesis " computations (Bruzual & Charlot 1993; Leitherer & Heckman 1995; Sternberg 1998; Leitherer et al. 1999) of the time-dependent spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and time-dependent Lyc…”
BackgroundThe Luminosity Function of Young Star Clusters in “the Antennae” Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039)
Whitmore, B. C., Zhang, Q., Leitherer, C., Fall, S. M., Schweizer, F., & Miller, B. W. (1999) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301041 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Schaerer, D. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021525 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Radiation-driven winds of hot luminous stars
Pauldrach, A. W. A., Hoffmann, T. L., & Lennon, M. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010805 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationTerminal velocities for a large sample of O stars, B supergiants, and Wolf-Rayet stars
Prinja, R. K., Barlow, M. J., & Howarth, I. D. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/169224 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
New Models for Wolf‐Rayet and O Star Populations in Young Starbursts
Schaerer, D., & Vacca, W. D. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305487 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Realistic ionizing fluxes for young stellar populations from 0.05 to 2 Z
Smith, L., Norris, R. P., & Crowther, P. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.06042.x · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The Luminosity Function of OB Associations in the Galaxy
McKee, C., & Williams, J. P. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/303587 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Zero-Metallicity Stars and the Effects of the First Stars on Reionization
Tumlinson, J., & Shull, J. M. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312432 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Thornley, M. D., Schreiber, N. M. F., Lutz, D., Genzel, R., Spoon, H. W. W., Kunze, D., & Sternberg, A. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309261 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationThe return of mass and energy to the interstellar medium by winds from early-type stars
Abbott, D. C. (1982) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/160544 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
On the effective temperature scale of O stars
Martins, F., Schaerer, D., & Hillier, D. J. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011703 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Giveon, U., Sternberg, A., Lutz, D., et al. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/338125 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationNebular abundances of nearby southern dwarf galaxies
Lee, H., Grebel, E. K., & Hodge, P. W. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030101 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Optical Spectroscopy of Metal‐rich H ii Regions and Circumnuclear Hot Spots in M83 and NGC 3351
Bresolin, F., & Robert C. Kennicutt, Jr. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/340371 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The Initial Mass Functions in the Super–Star Clusters NGC 1569A and NGC 1705‐1
Sternberg, A. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306291 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationMaoz, D., Barth, A. J., Ho, L. C., Sternberg, A., & Filippenko, A. V. (2001) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/321080 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Massive Stellar Content in the Starburst NGC 3049: A Test for Hot‐Star Models
Delgado, R. M. G., Leitherer, C., Stasińska, G., et al. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/343860 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Statistical-Equilibrium Model Atmospheres for Early-Type Stars. II. Formation of the Lyman Continuum
Mihalas, D. (1967) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/149391 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bruzual, G. & Charlot, S. 1993, 405, 538
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Two Young Star Disks in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy: Properties, Dynamics, and Formation
Paumard, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., Nayakshin, S., Beloborodov, A. M., Levin, Y., Trippe, S., Eisenhauer, F., Ott, T., Gillessen, S., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/503273 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar processes near the massive black hole in the Galactic center
Alexander, T. (2005) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2005.08.002 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“One of the engines that can power the Fermi / eROSITA bubbles is stellar feedback from the GC. Massive ( ≳ 8 M ⊙ ) stars generate mechanical energy via stellar winds and SNe (Leitherer & Heckman 1995; Leitherer et al. 1999; Sternberg et al. 2003).”
Background
- Authors
- Sternberg, A., Hoffmann, T. L., & Pauldrach, A. W. A.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2003-12-20
- Volume
- 599
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1333-1343
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2061634416
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- O-type stars, early B-type stars, Lyman continuum, spectral energy distribution, hot star winds, radiation-driven winds, non-LTE radiative transfer, line blanketing, star clusters, population synthesis, initial mass function, ultraviolet background
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
