Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation

Leitherer, Claus; Schaerer, Daniel; Goldader, Jeffrey D.; Delgado, Rosa M. Gonzalez; Robert, Carmelle; Kune, Denis Foo; de Mello, Duilia F.; Devost, Daniel; Heckman, Timothy M.

doi:10.1086/313233

Cited by 4,126Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesAstrophysics and Star Formation Studies

Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation

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Leitherer, Claus, Schaerer, Daniel, Goldader, Jeffrey D., Delgado, Rosa M. Gonzalez, Robert, Carmelle, Kune, Denis Foo, de Mello, Duilia F., Devost, Daniel +1 more·1999·The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

DOI 10.1086/313233

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Abstract

Starburst99 is a comprehensive set of model predictions for spectrophotometric and related properties of galaxies with active star formation. The models are an improved and extended version of the data set previously published by Leitherer & Heckman. We have upgraded our code by implementing the latest set of stellar evolution models of the Geneva group and the model atmosphere grid compiled by Lejeune et al. Several predictions which were not included in the previous publication are shown here for the first time. The models are presented in a homogeneous way for five metallicities between Z = 0.040 and 0.001 and three choices of the initial mass function. The age coverage is 10 6 —10 9 yr. We also show the spectral energy distributions which are used to compute colors and other quantities. The full data set is available for retrieval at a Web site, which allows users to run specific models with nonstandard parameters as well. We also make the source code available to the community.

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Massive (≳8 M⊙) stars generate mechanical energy via stellar winds and SNe.
“Massive ( ≳ 8 M ⊙ ) stars generate mechanical energy via stellar winds and SNe (Leitherer & Heckman 1995; Leitherer et al. 1999; Sternberg et al. 2003).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Leitherer et al. 1999

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Authors: Leitherer, C., Schaerer, D., Goldader, J. D., Delgado, R. M. G., Robert, C., Kune, D. F., de Mello, D. F., Devost, D., & Heckman, T. M.
Affiliations: Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (FR)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Université Laval (CA)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Schaerer, Daniel
Robert, Carmelle
Devost, Daniel
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 1999-07
Volume: 123
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-40
ISSN: 0067-0049 (ISSN-L)
1538-4365
DOI: 10.1086/313233
OpenAlex: W2041127769
Cited by: 4,126
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 95 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 166 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 189 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 219 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 152 · 2013: 191 · 2012: 174
FWCI: 73.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Astrophysics Source Code Library
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Keywords: Starburst99, starburst galaxies, active star formation, spectral energy distribution, stellar evolution models, model atmospheres, initial mass function, metallicity, galaxy age, galaxy color

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Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation

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