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Cited by 497

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

HCN Survey of Normal Spiral, Infrared‐luminous, and Ultraluminous Galaxies

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Gao, Yu, Solomon, Philip M.·2004·The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
DOI 10.1086/383003
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Abstract

We report systematic HCN J = 1-0 (and CO) observations of a sample of 53 infrared (IR) and/or CO-bright and/or luminous galaxies, including seven ultraluminous infrared galaxies, nearly 20 luminous infrared galaxies, and more than a dozen of the nearest normal spiral galaxies. This is the largest and most sensitive HCN survey of galaxies to date. All galaxies observed so far follow the tight correlation between the IR luminosity L IR and the HCN luminosity L HCN initially proposed by Solomon, Downes, & Radford, which is detailed in a companion paper. We also address here the issue of HCN excitation. There is no particularly strong correlation between L HCN and the 12 μm luminosity; in fact, of all the four IRAS bands, the 12 μm luminosity has the weakest correlation with the HCN luminosity. There is also no evidence of stronger HCN emission or a higher ratio of HCN and CO luminosities L HCN / L CO for galaxies with excess 12 μm emission. This result implies that mid-IR radiative pumping, or populating, of the J = 1 level of HCN by a mid-IR vibrational transition is not important compared with the collisional excitation by dense molecular hydrogen. Furthermore, large velocity gradient calculations justify the use of HCN J = 1-0 emission as a tracer of high-density molecular gas (≳3 × 10 4 /τ cm -3 ) and give an estimate of the mass of dense molecular gas from HCN observations. Therefore, L HCN may be used as a measure of the total mass of dense molecular gas, and the luminosity ratio L HCN / L CO may indicate the fraction of molecular gas that is dense.

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Cites

  • Galactic center molecular clouds. II - Distribution and kinematics

    Bally, J., Stark, A. A., Wilson, R. W., & Henkel, C. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165891 · Cited by 272 · cited 3×

    “…attempts in Galactic plane HCN, CS, and CO observations (Helfer & Blitz 1997b; McQuinn et al. 2002 and references therein), only the central region of the Galaxy has been extensively mapped with dense molecular gas tracers (e.g., CS, Bally et al. 1987, 1988; HCN, Jackson et al. 1996; Lee 1996).”
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Metadata

Authors
Gao, Y., & Solomon, P. M.
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2004-05
Volume
152
Issue
1
Pages
63-80
ISSN
  • 0067-0049 (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4365
DOI
10.1086/383003
OpenAlex
W1995088170
Cited by
497
References
1
FWCI
17.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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