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Cited by 111Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsAstrophysics and Star Formation Studies

A dynamical model for gas flows, star formation and nuclear winds in galactic centres

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Krumholz, Mark R., Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik, Crocker, Roland M.·2017·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DOI 10.1093/mnras/stw3195
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Abstract

We present a dynamical model for gas transport, star formation and winds in the nuclear regions of galaxies, focusing on the Milky Way's Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). In our model angular momentum and mass are transported by a combination of gravitational and bar-driven acoustic instabilities. In gravitationally unstable regions the gas can form stars, and the resulting feedback drives both turbulence and a wind that ejects mass from the CMZ. We show that the CMZ is in a quasi-steady state where mass deposited at large radii by the bar is transported inwards to a star-forming, ring-shaped region at ∼100 pc from the Galactic Centre, where the shear reaches a minimum. This ring undergoes episodic starbursts, with bursts lasting ∼5–10 Myr occurring at ∼20–40 Myr intervals. During quiescence the gas in the ring is not fully cleared, but is driven out of a self-gravitating state by the momentum injected by expanding supernova remnants. Starbursts also drive a wind off the star-forming ring, with a time-averaged mass flux comparable to the star formation rate. We show that our model agrees well with the observed properties of the CMZ, and places it near a star formation minimum within the evolutionary cycle. We argue that such cycles of bursty star formation and winds should be ubiquitous in the nuclei of barred spiral galaxies, and show that the resulting distribution of galactic nuclei on the Kennicutt–Schmidt relation is in good agreement with that observed in nearby galaxies.

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  • Detailed dynamical modeling suggests the gas accumulation time for the Milky-Way CMZ is about ~10-50 Myr, representing the expected time scale between two star-formation events, with each event lasting for a dynamical time of a few Myr at the CMZ.

    “Detailed dynamical modeling suggests that the gas accumulation time for the Milky-Way CMZis about ∼ 10 -50 Myr which represents the expected time scale between two star-formation events, with each event lasting for a dynamical time of a few Myr at the CMZ (Kruijssen et al. 2014; Krumholz et al. 2017; Armillotta et al. 2019, 2020; Sormani et al. 2020b).”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Krumholz et al. 2017

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  • This rate of star formation and time scale are consistent with the expected amplitude and periodicity of star formation at the CMZ.

    “Note that this rate of star formation and the time scale are consistent with the expected amplitude and periodicity of star formation at the CMZ (Krumholz et al. 2017; Armillotta et al. 2019, 2020; Sormani et al. 2022).”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Krumholz et al. 2017

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Authors
Krumholz, M. R., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Crocker, R. M.
Affiliations
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • Heidelberg University (DE)
Corresponding author
Krumholz, Mark R.
ORCID
Venue
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2016-12-09
Volume
466
Issue
1
Pages
1213-1233
ISSN
  • 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2966
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stw3195
OpenAlex
W2372284442
Cited by
111
References
122
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 3
FWCI
7.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Australian Research Council (DP160100695)
  • DFG (KR4801/1-1)
  • NSF (PHY-1066293)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Keywords
Central Molecular Zone, Milky Way, galactic nuclei, star formation, nuclear winds, gas transport, gravitational instability, supernova feedback, angular momentum transport, Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, barred spiral galaxies

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