The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Unified, Merger‐driven Model of the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X‐Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galaxy Spheroids
Open accessAbstract
We present an evolutionary model for starbursts, quasars, and spheroidal galaxies in which mergers between gas-rich galaxies drive nuclear inflows of gas, producing intense starbursts and feeding the buried growth of supermassive black holes (BHs) until feedback expels gas and renders a briefly visible optical quasar. The quasar lifetime and obscuring column density depend on both the instantaneous and peak luminosity of the quasar, and we determine this dependence using a large set of simulations of galaxy mergers varying host galaxy properties, orbital geometry, and gas physics. We use these fits to deconvolve observed quasar luminosity functions (LFs) and obtain the evolution of the formation rate of quasars with a certain peak luminosity, n(L_peak,z). Quasars spend extended periods of time at luminosities well below peak, and so n(L_peak) has a maximum corresponding to the 'break' in the observed LF, falling off at both brighter and fainter luminosities. From n(L_peak) and our simulation results, we obtain self-consistent fits to hard and soft X-ray and optical quasar LFs and predict many observables, including: column density distributions of optical and X-ray samples, the LF of broad-line quasars in X-ray samples and the broad-line fraction as a function of luminosity, active BH mass functions, the distribution of Eddington ratios at z~0-2, the z=0 mass function of relic BHs and total mass density of BHs, and the cosmic X-ray background. In every case, our predictions agree well with observed estimates, and unlike previous modeling attempts, we are able to reproduce them without invoking any ad hoc assumptions about source properties or distributions. We provide a library of Monte Carlo realizations of our models for comparison with observations. (Abridged)
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Cites
Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant
Riess, A. G., Filippenko, A. V., Challis, P., Clocchiatti, A., Diercks, A., Garnavich, P. M., Gilliland, R. L., Hogan, C. J., Jha, S., Kirshner, R. P., et al. (1998) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300499 · Cited by 19,704
Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High‐Redshift Supernovae
Perlmutter, S., Aldering, G., Goldhaber, G., Knop, R. A., Nugent, P., Castro, P. G., Deustua, S., Fabbro, S., Goobar, A., Groom, D. E., et al. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307221 · Cited by 18,062
Spergel, D. N., Verde, L., Peiris, H. V., Komatsu, E., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., Halpern, M., Hinshaw, G., Jarosik, N., Kogut, A., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/377226 · Cited by 10,976
The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177173 · Cited by 8,544 · cited 1×
“…stable, isolated disk galaxies, each with an extended dark matter halo with a Hernquist (1990) profile, motivated by cosmological simulations (e.g. Navarro et al. 1996; Busha et al. 2004) and observations of halo properties (e.g. Rines et al. 2002, 2002, 2003, 2004), an exponential disk of gas…”
BackgroundThe cosmological simulation code gadget-2
Springel, V. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09655.x · Cited by 6,368
Self-citationCore condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering
White, S. D. M., & Rees, M. J. (1978) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/183.3.341 · Cited by 3,919
Toomre, A., & Toomre, J. (1972) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/151823 · Cited by 2,555
McKee, C. F., & Ostriker, J. P. (1977) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/155667 · Cited by 2,082 · cited 1×
“The resulting values are in rough agreement with those of McKee & Ostriker (1977).”
ResultAdvection-dominated Accretion: Underfed Black Holes and Neutron Stars
Narayan, R., & Yi, I. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176343 · Cited by 1,679
Cited by
Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes
Berti, E., Cardoso, V., & Starinets, A. O. (2009) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/26/16/163001 · Cited by 2,095
Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
Yuan, F., & Narayan, R. (2014) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003 · Cited by 1,529
Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback
Weinberger, R., Springel, V., Hernquist, L., Pillepich, A., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Nelson, D., Genel, S., Vogelsberger, M., Naiman, J., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2944 · Cited by 1,258
Self-citationTheoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
Naab, T., & Ostriker, J. P. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040019 · Cited by 722
A NEW CALCULATION OF THE IONIZING BACKGROUND SPECTRUM AND THE EFFECTS OF He II REIONIZATION
Faucher-Giguère, C.-A., Lidz, A., Zaldarriaga, M., & Hernquist, L. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/2/1416 · Cited by 699
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hopkins, P. F., Hernquist, L., Cox, T. J., Di Matteo, T., Robertson, B., & Springel, V.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-49
- ISSN
- 0067-0049 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4365
- OpenAlex
- W2142923903
- Cited by
- 1,873
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 56.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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