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Cited by 6,368Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesFluid Dynamics Simulations and Interactions

The cosmological simulation code gadget-2

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Springel, Volker·2005·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09655.x
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Abstract

We discuss the cosmological simulation code GADGET-2, a new massively parallel TreeSPH code, capable of following a collisionless fluid with the N-body method, and an ideal gas by means of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH).Our implementation of SPH manifestly conserves energy and entropy in regions free of dissipation, while allowing for fully adaptive smoothing lengths.Gravitational forces are computed with a hierarchical multipole expansion, which can optionally be applied in the form of a TreePM algorithm, where only short-range forces are computed with the 'tree' method while long-range forces are determined with Fourier techniques.Time integration is based on a quasi-symplectic scheme where long-range and short-range forces can be integrated with different time-steps.Individual and adaptive short-range time-steps may also be employed.The domain decomposition used in the parallelization algorithm is based on a space-filling curve, resulting in high flexibility and tree force errors that do not depend on the way the domains are cut.The code is efficient in terms of memory consumption and required communication bandwidth.It has been used to compute the first cosmological N-body simulation with more than 10 10 dark matter particles, reaching a homogeneous spatial dynamic range of 10 5 per dimension in a three-dimensional box.It has also been used to carry out very large cosmological SPH simulations that account for radiative cooling and star formation, reaching total particle numbers of more than 250 million.We present the algorithms used by the code and discuss their accuracy and performance using a number of test problems.GADGET-2 is publicly released to the research community.

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  1. [14]14. Bryan G. L., Norman M. L., 1997, in Clarke D. A., West M. J., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 123, Computational Astrophysics, 12th Kingston Meeting on Theoretical Astrophysics. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 363
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Authors
Springel, V.
Affiliations
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
Corresponding author
Springel, Volker
ORCID
Springel, Volker
Venue
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2005-12
Volume
364
Issue
4
Pages
1105-1134
ISSN
  • 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2966
DOI
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09655.x
OpenAlex
W2100188138
Cited by
6,368
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 152 · 2025: 291 · 2024: 326 · 2023: 315 · 2022: 347 · 2021: 362 · 2020: 392 · 2019: 409 · 2018: 369 · 2017: 342 · 2016: 443 · 2015: 403 · 2014: 322 · 2013: 332 · 2012: 359
FWCI
84.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Interactions
Keywords
GADGET-2, cosmological simulations, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, N-body simulations, adaptive time stepping, parallel computing, dark matter, radiative cooling, star formation

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