Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 530

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Are Americans Saving “Optimally” for Retirement?

Scholz, John Karl, Seshadri, Ananth, Khitatrakun, Surachai·2006·Journal of Political Economy

Abstract

We solve each household’s optimal saving decisions using a life cycle model that incorporates uncertain lifetimes, uninsurable earnings and medical expenses, progressive taxation, government transfers, and pension and social security benefits. With optimal decision rules, we compare, household by household, wealth predictions from the life cycle model using a nationally representative sample. We find, making use of household‐specific earnings histories, that the model accounts for more than 80 percent of the 1992 cross‐sectional variation in wealth. Fewer than 20 percent of households have less wealth than their optimal targets, and the wealth deficit of those who are undersaving is generally small.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/506335

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 33

  1. 10.1086/491590 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.2307/2118417 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Banks James, 1998, A.E.R., 88, 769
  4. Bernheim B. Douglas, 2001, A.E.R., 91, 832
  5. Brown Jeffrey R, Working Paper no. 10989 (December), NBER
  6. 10.1162/003355397555109 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Citro Constance F, 1995, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach.
  8. 10.2307/2938366 · DOI · Paper page
  9. 10.1086/381475 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Engen Eric M, 1999, Uccello
  11. 10.2307/2109766 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Goldberger Arthur S, A Course in Econometrics
  13. 10.1111/1468-0262.00269 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Gouveia Miguel, 1994, Nat. Tax J., 47, 317, 10.1086/NTJ41789070 · doi:10.1086/ntj41789070
  15. Gouveia Miguel, Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Conference on Taxation, Atlanta, October 24–26
  16. Grad Susan, 1990, Soc. Security Bull., 53, 2
  17. Green Book, Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means
  18. Green Book, Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means
  19. Gustman Alan L, 1999, Steinmeier
  20. 10.1086/261987 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Hurd Michael D, Death and Dollars: The Role of Gifts and Bequests in America
  22. Hurd Michael D, Working Paper no. 9586 (March), NBER
  23. Hurst Erik, Grasshoppers, Ants and Pre‐retirement Wealth: A Test of Permanent Income Consumers
  24. Kotlikoff Laurence J, 1982, A.E.R., 72, 1056
  25. 10.1257/000282803321947407 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Modigliani Franco, 1954, Brumberg
  27. Moore James F, 1998, Mitchell
  28. 10.1111/1467-937X.00092 · DOI · Paper page
  29. 10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00080-7 · DOI
  30. Scholz John Karl, Working paper no. 10260 (February), NBER
  31. 10.1016/0165-1765(86)90168-0 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Venti Steven F, 2004, Wise
  33. Wysocki Bernard, 1995, Wall Street J., A1

Cited by

See all 530

Metadata

Authors
Scholz, J. K., Seshadri, A., & Khitatrakun, S.
Venue
Journal of Political Economy
Published
2006-08
Volume
114
Issue
4
Pages
607-643
ISSN
  • 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-534X
OpenAlex
W4254685632
Cited by
530
References
2
FWCI
97.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Are Americans Saving “Optimally” for Retirement? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/506335
The paper
Scholz, J. K., Seshadri, A., & Khitatrakun, S. (2006). Are Americans Saving “Optimally” for Retirement? Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/506335

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.