Who Is the “Self” in Self‐Aware: Professional Self‐Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Professional self‐awareness is widely considered a necessary condition for competent social work practice. Alternate prescriptions for self‐awareness rely implicitly on varying definitions of what it means to be a “self” and what it means to be “aware.” I will review three approaches to professional self‐awareness conventionally adopted in the literature: (a) simple conscious awareness (awareness of whatever is being experienced), (b) reflective awareness (awareness of a self who is experiencing something), and (c) reflexive awareness (the self's awareness of how his or her awareness is constituted in direct experience). Strengths and limitations of these three epistemological approaches are discussed. An alternate framework, based on Anthony Giddens's “structuration theory,” is developed and advanced as a more macro‐level and less exclusively psychological understanding of practitioner self‐awareness. The article concludes with illustrations from practice.
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TL;DR
Kondrat argues that conventional social work accounts of professional self-awareness—simple conscious awareness, reflective self-awareness, and reflexive self-awareness—are valid but partial because they remain individual-psychological. She proposes “critical reflectivity,” drawing on Giddens’s structuration theory, to understand practitioner self-awareness as embedded in and reproducing social structures.
Key findings
- The paper identifies three conventional approaches: simple conscious awareness (awareness of whatever is being experienced), reflective awareness (awareness of a self who is experiencing something), and reflexive awareness (the self’s awareness of how its awareness is constituted in direct experience); each relies on distinct assumptions about selfhood and self-knowledge.
- It argues these approaches focus on individual or interpersonal psychology and give little attention to human consciousness and self-awareness as a larger epistemological and sociological problem, so they offer only a partial account of the self-aware professional.
- It develops “critical reflectivity” from critical theory and Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory, conceptualizing the self as a social actor who is co-constituting and co-maintaining society; in this view, self-reflection is always also a reflection on society and vice versa.
- It concludes that social workers are always involved in social change and social stability, so the key choice is not whether to be an agent of change but whether to be a more conscious and critical one; implications are drawn for social work education and practice.
Methods
- Conceptual/theoretical article: reviews social work practice literature on self-awareness and critical theory/sociology, especially Giddens’s structuration theory.
- No empirical sample or data are reported; the paper uses a fictional/hypothetical case example of a Caucasian female case manager in an urban community mental health center to illustrate critical reflectivity in relation to racism and client outcomes.
- Main analysis is conceptual synthesis and argument, not statistical or qualitative data analysis.
Limitations
- Stated: the conventional approaches are valid and useful but partial; critical reflectivity does not displace earlier notions but incorporates them into a more inclusive, less exclusively psychological understanding.
- Evident: the paper offers no empirical testing or data; the case example is explicitly fictional/hypothetical (notes 92–93), so it is illustrative rather than evidentiary.
- Evident: as a theoretical proposal, it does not report measured outcomes or sample-based findings.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Interpretationcitation§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 2
Critical reflectivity incorporates earlier notions found in the literature into a more inclusive and less exclusively psychological understanding.
“As developed in this article, critical reflectivity does not displace earlier notions found in the literature but rather incorporates them into a more inclusive (and less exclusively psychological) understanding.7”
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- Premisecitation§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7
Reflexive awareness rejects the notion of a transcendent self able to stand apart to view the self from a privileged vantage point.
“the notion of a transcendent self that is able to stand apart to view the self from some privileged vantage point is rejected”
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Conventional Concepts of Practitioner Self-Awareness · p. 2
Each of the three conceptualizations of self-awareness (simple conscious awareness, reflective self-awareness, and reflexive self-awareness) relies on distinct philosophies of knowledge and selfhood.
“Each of the three conceptualizations of selfawareness that I have identified from the literature (simple conscious awareness, reflective self-awareness, and reflexive self-awareness) differs from the others in its notion of what it means to be a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 2
The conventional approaches, although valid and useful, offer only a partial account of what it means to be a self-aware professional.
“I will argue that these conventional approaches, although valid and useful, offer only a partial account of what it means to be a self-aware professional.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 1
Epistemological issues have received limited attention in the literature on social work practice.
“Although epistemological issues have been a preoccupation in the social work research literature, these issues have received limited attention in the literature on social work practice.4”
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- Interpretationcitation§ A Synthesizing Perspective: Critical Reflectivity · p. 10
The self in each of the three traditions (simple, reflective, reflexive) is the self of individual or interpersonal psychology.
“The self in each of these traditions is the self of individual or interpersonal psychology—the location for thoughts, feelings, perceptions, sensations, meanings, intentions, experiences, behaviors, biases, and so forth.57”
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- Premisecitation§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7
Reflexive self-awareness is sine qua non for interpersonal communication to occur.
“Indeed, it can be said that reflexive self-awareness is sine qua non for interpersonal communication to occur since such communication rests, in part, on one's ability to use intuitive familiarity with his or her own experience (derived from one's socializing communities) as a way of understanding others.45”
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- Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14
The self who is co-constructor of a social reality comes into being in the context of social structures that exist prior to the self.
“Second, this self who is co-constructor of a social reality nevertheless comes into being in the context of social structures that exist prior to the self.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14
To the extent that the self and its social context have externality, they are available to systematic and objective forms of reflection.
“To the extent that this is true, the self and its social context are available to systematic and objective forms of reflection.88”
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14
If the self is conceptualized as inextricably social, an exclusively psychological account of self-awareness will be incomplete.
“It is my major thesis that if the self is conceptualized as inextricably -ems s sod ss a ae s o ss ss a secclu sively psychological account of self-awareness will be incomplete.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14
The self cannot escape his or her day-to-day involvement in the ongoing construction, maintenance, or renewal of the structures of society.
“Finally, the self that emerges in this framework is a self who cannot escape his or her day-to-day involvement in the ongoing construction, maintenance, or renewal of the structures of society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14
Knowledge about self-in-society is always, to some extent, subjective and reflexive.
“This means that knowledge about self-in-society is always, to some extent, subjective and reflexive.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 19
Acting out of a consciousness shaped by society, parties in this case succeed in reproducing the very structure that has shaped that same consciousness as it relates to racism.
“Acting out of a consciousness shaped by society, parties in this case succeed in reproducing the very structure that has shaped that same consciousness as it relates to racism.100”
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- The authors state this as an assumption: No one and no institution escapes complicity in society and its structures.
- Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14
There is an externality to the institutions and structures we coconstitute and cosustain as a society.
“Thus, there is an externality to the institutions and structures we coconstitute and cosustain as a society.82”
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- Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21
Giddens does not deny the existence of social regularities and social uniformities that are heavily buttressed by convention and ideology.
“Giddens does not deny the existence of social regularities and social uniformities that are heavily buttressed by convention and ideology.”
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- Premisenone given§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21
Social institutions have no existence apart from the human actions that constitute and reconstitute their form and substance.
“Social institutions are human constructions; they have no existence apart from the human actions that constitute and reconstitute their form and substance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21
Social systems do not act; only human actors do.
“Social systems do not act; only human actors do.”
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21
Like all other individuals, social workers are always involved in social change and social stability.
“Like all other individuals, social workers are always involved in social change and social stability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21
As individuals and as professionals, social workers' daily interactions with clients and others have consequences for maintaining or altering society's structures.
“As individuals and as professionals, social workers' daily interactions with clients and others have consequences for maintaining or altering society's structures.”
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- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 76
- May combine two claims. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
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Premisecitation§ ReflectiveSelf-Awareness · p. 4Reflective awareness assumes a distinction between the self as an 'I' and the self as a 'me'.
“In other words, a distinction is made between the self as an”
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Premisereasoning§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7In reflexive awareness, any self-observation or self-critique is shaped by the identical social conditions that influence all learned characteristics of the self, including the very behaviors being observed.
“Any self-observation or selfcritique is shaped by the identical social conditions that influence all learned characteristics of the self, including the very behaviors being observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ SimpleConscious Awareness · p. 3Without simple conscious awareness, the practitioner would not be able to make accurate observations or correct assessments.
“Without it, the practitioner would not be able to make accurate observations or correct assessments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7In reflexive awareness, the observing 'I' and the observed 'me' occupy the same 'space,' experience the same biography, have the same heredity, and belong to the same socializing communities.
“The observing”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone given§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 1The question 'What does it mean to be a self?' is not directly addressed in the practice literature.
“the question, What does it mean to be a self? is not directly addressed in the practice literature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ SimpleConscious Awareness · p. 3Simple conscious awareness is a prerequisite for the other forms of self-awareness described in the article.
“Simple conscious awareness is a prerequisite for the other forms of self-awareness described in this article.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ ReflectiveSelf-Awareness · p. 4In reflective awareness, the subject 'I' is not available for empirical investigation; only the object 'me' is.
“This subject”
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Interpretationnone given§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 1Definitions of self-awareness rely implicitly on various meanings of the term 'self'.
“Definitions of self-awareness rely implicitly on various meanings of the term”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 1Professional self-awareness is widely considered a necessary condition for competent social work practice.
“Professional self-awareness is widely considered a necessary condition for competent social work practice.²”
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Interpretationnone given§ ReflectiveSelf-Awareness · p. 3In reflective self-awareness, the self's behaviors, affect, cognitive content, and accomplishments become objects of reflection.
“The self's behaviors, affect, cognitive content, and accomplishments become objects of reflection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone given§ ReflectiveSelf-Awareness · p. 3Reflective self-awareness turns attention to a self who 'has' the experience.
“Whereas simple conscious awareness focuses the self on direct experience, reflective self-awareness turns attention to a self who”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ ReflectiveSelf-Awareness · p. 5The presumption of a differentiation between a subject-self who reflects and an object-self who is the focus of reflection is the formula for self most often assumed in discussions of professional self-awareness in social work practice texts.
“This presumption of a differentiation between a subject-self who reflects and an object-self who is the focus of reflection is the formula for self most often assumed in discussions of professional self-awareness in social work practice texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone given§ Who Is the "Self" in Self-Aware: Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective · p. 1The practice literature does not explicitly raise the question of how it is possible to have a valid awareness of the self when it is the self who is aware.
“Neither does the literature explicitly raise the question, How is it even possible to have a valid awareness of the self when it is the self (itself) who is aware?”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ SimpleConscious Awareness · p. 3Simple conscious awareness is what makes both experience and memory possible.
“Simple conscious awareness is what makes both experience and memory possible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisereasoning§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7Reflexive self-awareness emphasizes that distinctions between an 'I' and 'me' are ontologically meaningless.
“the reflexive version of self-awareness emphasizes that distinctions between an”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ ReflectiveSelf-Awareness · p. 4In reflective awareness, it is assumed that the greater the separation between subject-self ('I') and object-self ('me'), the greater the objectivity and therefore the more reliable the self-knowledge.
“Third, it is assumed that the greater the separation between subject-self (”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 9Clinical practice is necessarily reflexive; there is nothing that goes on in the clinical interaction that does not contain some aspect of the clinician's self.
“Clinical practice, therefore, is necessarily reflexive; there is nothing that goes on in the clinical interaction that does not contain some aspect of the clinician's self.54”
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Premisenone given§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10Theorists concerned with the role of human agency have tended to focus on micro-sociological issues and to adopt a perspective more consonant with Max Weber.
“By contrast, theorists concerned with issues surrounding the role of human agency have tended to focus on micro-sociological issues and to adopt a perspective on social science that is more consonant with the one advocated by sociologist Max Weber.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisereasoning§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10Those who adopt a macro-lens tend to make human consciousness and thought a by-product of social systems and institutions external to human consciousness.
“Those who adopt this perspective as well as others who approach sociological phenomena with a macro-lens tend to make human consciousness and thought a by-product of social systems and institutions external to human consciousness.6ª”
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Premisereasoning§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10Many theorists who adopted Weber's perspective emphasize the formation of 'meaningful realities' in the more intimate arena of everyday human encounters.
“many theorists who subsequently adopted his perspective on the sociological task have placed emphasis on the formation of”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11Macro-theorists have emphasized the inevitability of received societal structures and their determinative impact on human social life and awareness.
“Thus, macro-theorists have emphasized the inevitability of received societal structures and their determinative impact on human social life and awareness.”
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Premisecitation§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7In reflexive awareness, subjectivity is treated not as a source of error to be contained but as a way of knowing in its own right.
“Subjectivity is treated here not as a source of error to be contained but rather as a way of knowing in its own right.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10Social facts are constituted by social regularities, patterns, and structures external to (and separate from) individual understandings and meanings and not reducible to those meanings.
“Social facts are constituted by social regularities, patterns, and structures external to (and separate from) individual understandings and meanings and not reducible to those meanings.62”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11A consistent theory of how human agency is involved in the development, persistence, and transformation of human institutions and structures has not been well developed.
“Giddens suggests that because the problem of social structure and the problem of human action have appeared in the literature as divergent issues, a consistent theory of how human agency is involved in the development, persistence, and transformation of human institutions and structures has not been well developed.”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10When these theorists take note of larger systemic phenomena, it is generally to observe that social structures and institutions give context to and set limits on the meaning actors can create in a given interaction.
“When these theorists take note at all of larger systemic phenomena, it is generally to observe that social structures and institutions give context to and set limits on the meaning actors can create in a given interaction.66”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10Pascal suggested a relationship between social systems and personal awareness and thought.
“When seventeenth-century mathematician Blaise Pascal made his famous political/religious observation that”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 10Two of the most persistent questions in the philosophy and sociology of knowledge literature have been how social structure is related to human consciousness and awareness and what the role of human agency is in this relationship.
“Two of the most persistent questions in this literature have been (a)”
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Interpretationcitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11Macro-theorists give a poor account of human agency, and micro-theorists give a poor account of the development and persistence of human structural arrangements.
“The former group of thinkers give a poor account of human agency and the latter, a poor account of the development and persistence of human structural arrangements.67”
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Premisereasoning§ ReflexiveSelf-Awareness · p. 7It would not be possible to conceive of a valid awareness of the self without simultaneously monitoring and critiquing how the 'I' (the knowing subject) constructs that awareness.
“It would not be possible to conceive of a valid awareness of the self without simultaneously monitoring and critiquing how the”
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Interpretationnone given§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 15In a general sense, there are three types of questions posed in critical reflectivity: about 'the world,' about 'my world,' and about correspondences and contradictions between those worlds.
“In a general sense, there are three types of questions posed in critical e o, a ( o , at s () :oud (c) about correspondences and contradictions between those worlds.”
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Premisenone given§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 13Some actors-those with more power and influence-may have a disproportionate effect in reinforcing the structures and practices that in turn enhance their power and influence.
“Of course, it is true that some actors—those with more power and influence—may have a disproportionate effect in reinforcing the structures and practices that in turn enhance their power and influence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14The self is ineluctably insider not only to his or her own immediate 'worlds of meaning' but also to the larger social world accomplished together with others.
“The self is ineluctably insider not only to his or her own immediate”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14These worlds interpenetrate with various degrees of correspondence or distortion.
“These worlds interpenetrate with various degrees of correspondence or distortion.”
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Premisereasoning§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 13Members of a society, each from his or her own position and set of interests, act in such a way that the structure of society is reproduced.
“But this only serves to support Giddens's contention that members of a society, each from his or her own position and set of interests, act in such a way that the structure of society is reproduced.”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 12Actors contribute to society's constitution and production under conditions that are not wholly intended by them.
“Indeed, even though actors contribute to society's constitution and production, they do so”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11Giddens posits two subsidiary forms of knowledge: discursive knowledge and practical knowledge.
“Giddens posits two subsidiary forms of knowledge:”
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Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14The self lives simultaneously in 'the world' (externalized structures cocreated and covalidated with others) and in 'my world' (the self and social world as internalized and given meaning by the self).
“Third, the self, as conceptualized here, lives simultaneously in”
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Interpretationreasoning§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 13If encouraged to reflect on their own behavior and assumptions in light of the larger structural question, individuals could conceivably arrive at an awareness that when they and others in society act and interact in specific, class-determined ways consistently over time, a society's class structure is preserved and reproduced.
“If encouraged to reflect on their own behavior and assumptions in light of the larger structural question, then individuals could conceivably arrive at an awareness that when they and others in society act and interact in specific, class-determined ways (doing so consistently over time), a society's class structure is preserved and reproduced.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 18Many of the social activities of the self have structural implications with regard to racism.
“This would suggest that many of the social activities of the self have structural implications with regard to -rans os cs ns s s ancs ns s s aacscnun port racism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: No one and no institution escapes complicity in society and its structures.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14Self-reflection is always a reflection on society and vice versa.
“In one manner of speaking, then, selfreflection is always a reflection on society and vice versa.85”
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Premisecitation§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14Understandings which selves, as social actors, have of themselves and their society are constitutive elements of social structure just as those very self-understandings are artifacts of the social world.
“First,”
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Premisereasoning§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 12Every social actor knows a great deal about the conditions of reproduction of the society of which he or she is a member.
“Every social actor knows a great deal about the conditions of reproduction of the society of which he or she is a member”
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Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11Institutions, or large-scale societies, have structural properties in virtue of the continuity of the actions of their component members.
“institutions, or large scale societies, have structural properties in virtue of the continuity of the actions of their component members.”
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Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 20Giddens's theory suggests that human beings are consummately insider to social structure and cannot opt out of it.
“Giddens's theory suggests that human beings are consummately insider to social structure and cannot opt out of it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14This is an activist conception of self-a self whose actions have importance not only for his or her immediate relationships but for the maintenance and alteration of society itself.
“This is an activist conception of self—a self whose actions have importance not only for his or her immediate relationships but for the maintenance and alteration of society itself.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 19Procedures and inequities of access to power and privilege are all structural products of human agency over time.
“and inequities of access to power and privilege are all structural products of human agency over time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 19Social structures and institutionalized support for those structures do not exist without the social actions of human beings.
“Social structures and institutionalized support for those structures do not exist without the social actions of human beings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Premisereasoning§ Reconceptualizing PractitionerSelf-Awareness · p. 14The structural achievements of society necessarily exceed the meanings and activities of any constituent self.
“Indeed, the structural achievements of society necessarily exceed the meanings and activities of any constituent self.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 12The domain of practical knowledge is larger than that of discursive knowledge.
“That is to say, the domain of practical knowledge is larger than that of discursive knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 20Missing from ecosystem accounts is a concept of self as co-constituting and comaintaining society, that is, self as insider and creator.
“Missing from such accounts is a concept of self as co-constituting and comaintaining society, that is, self as insider and creator.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 12Actors may be situated in varying places relative to power, access, opportunity, and ideology, and all of these factors enter into the calculus of what one knows.
“Actors may be situated in varying places relative to power, access, opportunity, and ideology, and all of these factors enter into the calculus of what one knows.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11There is a recursive quality to the relation between human beings and their social structures and institutions; society and its structures are both condition and outcome of the actions of human beings in time.
“According to his theory, there is a recursive quality to the relation between human beings and their social structures and institutions. That is to say, society and its structures are both condition and outcome of the actions of human beings in time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 20Ecosystem frameworks as a group succeed in showing that micro-systems do not exist in a vacuum and that the behavior of individuals and families must be understood in relation to larger social systems.
“Ecosystem frameworks as a group succeed in showing that micro-systems do not exist in a vacuum and that the behavior of individuals and families must be understood in relation to larger social sys”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 17Utilizing either of these more conventional strategies for self-awareness may lead some social workers to identify biases or experiences that are related or contribute to racism, but other social workers may conclude that they are relatively free of racist thoughts or attitudes.
“However, other social workers may conclude that they are relatively free of racist thoughts or attitudes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 20Giddens's structuration theory offers an approach to self-awareness that includes macro-considerations as a necessary part of the definition of what it means to be a self-aware, reflective practitioner.
“I have suggested that Giddens's structuration theory offers an approach to self-awareness that includes macro-considerations as a necessary part of the definition of what it means to be a self-aware, reflective practitioner.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 12Actors know much more about what they are doing in the course of their daily activities than they can generally articulate.
“Nevertheless, the critical issue here for Giddens is the contention that actors do know much more about what they are doing in the course of their daily activities than they can generally articulate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Giddens'sStructuration Theory · p. 11Giddens's structuration theory is an effort to address the lack of a consistent theory of how human agency is involved in the development, persistence, and transformation of institutions and structures.
“Giddens's structuration theory is an effort to address this issue.68”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 16Conventional approaches to self-awareness in practice include the more objective-oriented reflective practice and the more subjective-based reflexive awareness.
“As outlined above, the conventional approaches to self-awareness in practice include the more objective-oriented reflective practice and the more subjective-based reflexive awareness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 18In critical reflectivity, questions center on the relationship between seemingly unproblematic, everyday behavior and racially structured outcomes.
“In critical reflectivity, questions would center on the relationship between seemingly unproblematic, everyday behavior and racially structured outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: No one and no institution escapes complicity in society and its structures.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Engaging in Critical Reflectivity: A Case Example · p. 17African American clients are more likely to be admitted involuntarily and with the involvement of the legal system.
“Further, they are more likely to be admitted involuntarily and with the involvement of the legal system.9ª”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 20In social work, as in sociology, there has been an unfortunate bifurcation between micro- and macro-theory.
“In social work, as in sociology, there has been an unfortunate bifurcation between micro- and macro-theory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [102]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Premisereasoning§ Notes · p. 26To say that social structures have an objective aspect is not to reify such structures or to give them the status of immutable laws.
“To say that social structures have an objective aspect is not to reify such structures or to give them the status of immutable laws.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Because of the social work profession's unique role with clients who are often marginalized within society's structures, the social-structural consequence of professional activity is not insignificant.
“Because of the social work profession's unique role with clients who are often marginalized within society's structures, this social-structural consequence of professional activity is not insignificant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The social work profession has a unique role with clients who are often marginalized within society's structures.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisereasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Social institutions are human constructions.
“Social institutions are human constructions; they have no existence apart from the human actions that constitute and reconstitute their form and substance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21For social work, the historical argument over whether social workers should be prepared for social-change roles is largely a moot issue.
“For social work, all of this implies that the historical argument over whether social workers should be prepared for social-change roles is largely a moot issue.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [107]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Giddens's theory is consummately a theory of the human actor.
“Giddens's theory is consummately a theory of the human actor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone given§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21The macro/micro division in social work practice has confined the conception of a self as active subject largely to one's immediate social encounters.
“As a result of the macro/micro division in social work practice, the conception of a self as active subject has been confined largely to one's immediate social encounters”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone given§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Social institutions are not human constructs in the same way daydreams or smoke are constructions.
“Of course, social institutions are not human constructs in the same way daydreams or smoke are constructions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Notes · p. 27There is empirical evidence that differences in hospitalization and commitment rates among racial groups exist in the direction described in the article.
“Although this case is hypothetical, there is empirical evidence that differences in hospitalization and commitment rates among racial groups do exist in the direction described in this article.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lefley, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Notes · p. 23The world is the world we think of as 'objective,' if objectivity is understood more in terms of intersubjectivity rather than distanciation.
“The world”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisereasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Social institutions do not change readily or without effort.
“Nor do social institutions change readily or without effort.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Social systems have no purpose, reasons, or needs; only human individuals do.
“Social systems have no purpose, reasons, or needs, whatsoever; only human individuals do so.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21Within Giddens's structuration theory, there is the possibility for a more 'actor-oriented' social work, in which the individual is conceptualized not as simply the passive object of society's forces or the passive recipient of society's dictates but as intrinsically implicated in society-acting, conforming, resisting, challenging, and modifying.
“Thus, within Giddens's structuration theory, we find the possibility for a more”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisereasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21In social work, social transformation generally has meant self-transformation.
“and social transformation generally has meant self-transformation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21This is an actor capable not only of self transformation but of social transformation as well.
“This is an actor capable not only of self transformation but of social transformation as well.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21To be an agent, according to Giddens, is to make a difference in social outcomes; agency in structuration theory is equated with transformative capacity.
“To be an agent, Giddens maintains, is to make a difference in social outcomes and,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21For Giddens, the idea that human beings interact with a society defined as some entity external to individuals amounts to a reification and an anthropomorphization of human institutions.
“For Giddens, the idea that human beings interact with a society defined as some entity external to individuals amounts to a reification and an anthropomorphization of human institutions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisereasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21There is a solidity to human social arrangements; time, history, tradition, culture, law, ideology, and the behavior of many actors all hold human social structures together.
“Indeed, there is a solidity to human social arrangements; time, history, tradition, culture, law, ideology, and the behavior of many, many actors all hold human social structures together.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisereasoning§ Concluding Comment: Implications for Social Work · p. 21These and others like them are also human constructs.
“But these and others like them are also human constructs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
No one and no institution escapes complicity in society and its structures.
“Those who advocate critical reflectivity as an approach to self-awareness would start with the assumption that no one and no institution escapes complicity in society and its structures.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The example assumes a social worker who is motivated to understand the implications of her actions.
“Of course, the example above assumes the case of a social worker who is motivated to understand the implications of her actions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The social work profession has a unique role with clients who are often marginalized within society's structures.
“Because of the social work profession's unique role with clients who are often marginalized within society's structures”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The concept stems from the Western philosophical tradition, George Herbert Mead's classic distinction between the 'I' and the 'me': reflective self-awareness distinguishes between the subject-self 'I' (knower) and the object-self 'me' (known) in reflection.
“The concept stems from the Western philosophical tradition, George Herbert Mead's classic distinction between the 'I' and the 'me': reflective self-awareness distinguishes between the subject-self 'I' (knowerthe reflecting aspect of the self) and the object-self 'me' (knownthe self as reflected on) in reflection (Kondrat, 1999).”
From Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research (2024) · cites this paper as Kondrat, 1999
The subject-object-subject analysis (reflexivity) acknowledges the influence of subjective knowledge.
“The subject-object-subject analysis (reflexivity) acknowledges the influence of subjective knowledge: '[the] reflexive approach does form the basis for such crucial conceptual functions as personal meaning, interpersonal and interpretive understanding, and accurate empathy as a way of knowing self and other' (Kondrat, 1999: 458).”
From Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research (2024) · cites this paper as Kondrat, 1999
Kondrat (1999) asserts that 'subjective' is used in a pejorative term (such as contaminated or biased), but it is a way of knowing something in its own right.
“However, Kondrat (1999) asserts that 'subjective' is used in a pejorative term (such as contaminated or biased), but it is a way of knowing something in its own right.”
From Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research (2024) · cites this paper as Kondrat, 1999
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Self-identity, embodiment and the development of emotional resilience
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“However, Kondrat (1999) asserts that ‘ subjective ’ is used in a pejorative term (such as contaminated or biased), but it is a way of knowing something in its own right.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Kondrat, M. E.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kondrat, Mary Ellen
- Venue
- Social Service Review
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 451-477
- ISSN
- 0037-7961 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5404
- OpenAlex
- W2134466920
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Social Service Review (publishedVersion)
- KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Social Work Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Social Sciences and Policies
- Social Sciences › Education › Reflective Practices in Education
- Keywords
- professional self-awareness, social work practice, critical theory, structuration theory, Anthony Giddens, reflexive awareness, reflective consciousness, conscious awareness, practitioner self-awareness
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