Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The concept stems from the Western philosophical tradition, George Herbert Mead's classic distinction between the 'I' and the 'me': reflective self-awareness distinguishes between the subject-self 'I' (knower) and the object-self 'me' (known) in reflection.

“The concept stems from the Western philosophical tradition, George Herbert Mead's classic distinction between the 'I' and the 'me': reflective self-awareness distinguishes between the subject-self 'I' (knowerthe reflecting aspect of the self) and the object-self 'me' (knownthe self as reflected on) in reflection (Kondrat, 1999).”

• cites Kondrat, 1999 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kondrat (1999) asserts that 'subjective' is used in a pejorative term (such as contaminated or biased), but it is a way of knowing something in its own right.

“However, Kondrat (1999) asserts that 'subjective' is used in a pejorative term (such as contaminated or biased), but it is a way of knowing something in its own right.”

• cites Kondrat, 1999 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author unconsciously and unintentionally avoided categorising any participant's identity as singular due to experiencing her cultural identity as changeable.

“In another reflection, I realised that I, unconsciously and unintentionally, avoided categorising any participant's identity as singular due to experiencing my cultural identity as changeable (being a minority Japanese in New Zealand and being a majority Japanese (however, I am often seen/perceived as an outsider) in Japan) by moving between different contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author's decision-making for research recruitment was spontaneous, without conscious thought.

“However, my decision-making for this research recruitment was spontaneous, without conscious thought.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In focussing on broad generalisability among the group, the first author might have overlooked the unique experiences of individuals.

“In focussing on broad generalisability among the group I might have overlooked the unique experiences of individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author's engagement in reflexivity was pivotal for her PhD study of cultural competence development.

“In this article, the occurrence of reflexivity is illustrated through the first author's engagement in reflexivity, which was pivotal for her PhD study of cultural competence development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author lost a strong sense of self or cultural identity when trying to trace these.

“A significant issue was that I lost a strong sense of self or cultural identity when trying to trace these.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Reflexivity was produced by a reflective process alongside reflection at different stages: methodological construction, data collection and data analysis.

“Reflexivity was produced by a reflective process alongside reflection at different stages: methodological construction, data collection and data analysis during the research which is illustrated later.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author needed to gain trust from the participants, being Tau iwi, as someone who studies cultural practice.

“Within this historical and societal context, I needed to gain trust from the participants, being Tau iwi (neither M aori nor P ak eh a (European New Zealander)) as someone who studies cultural practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first author detached a cultural self-position or maintained a nobody identity while the participant might be her cultural self and considered the author an insider.

“After this reflection, I also realised that I detached a cultural self-position or maintained a nobody identity, while the participant might be her cultural self and considered the author as insider.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The first author was not merely given solo privilege as a researcher in this particular context.

“I was not merely given solo privilege as a researcher in this particular context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

This note led to questioning the first author about her understanding, what does Other mean to her and herself.

“This note led to questioning me about my understanding, what does Other mean to her and myself?”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a particular conversation with one participant, the first author was sympathetic toward her; her response came from the experience of being treated as the Other on some occasions.

“In a particular conversation with one participant, I was sympathetic toward her.My response came from the experience of being treated as the Other on some occasions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the process, the first author went back and forth between described experiences of participants and her understanding (awareness) of them in reflections.

“In the process, I went back and forth between described experiences of participants and my understanding (awareness) of them in reflections.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author questioned her initial analysis by re-assessing a couple of participants' interviews where participants discussed their uncomfortable experiences of being a Maori person in New Zealand society in answering a question about their understanding and meaning of cultural competence in practice.

“I questioned my initial analysis by re-assessing a couple of participants' interviews where participants discussed their uncomfortable experiences of being a M aori person in New Zealand society in answering a question about their understanding and meaning of cultural competence in practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Understanding of the Treaty results in the view involving cultural competence coming from the first author's way of seeing New Zealand society as a multicultural society.

“Understanding of the Treaty results in the view involving cultural competence coming from my way of seeing New Zealand societyas a multicultural society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author's subject-object analysis then shifted to how the participants perceive their world, analysing data by use of the subject 'I'.

“My subject-object analysis then shifted to how the participants perceive their world, analysing data by use of the subject 'I'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Those participants' central focus regarding cultural competence was seemingly related to the historical issues-Maori colonisation and oppression.

“Those participants' central focus regarding cultural competence was seemingly related to the historical issues -M aori colonisation and oppression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the subject-object-subject analysis, the first author acknowledged the 'different' realities between us and was reflexive in perceiving their meaning differently-if participants see New Zealand's colonial history as continuously affecting the present, not the past.

“In the subject-object-subject analysis, I acknowledged the 'different' realities between us and I was reflexive in perceiving their meaning differentlyif participants see New Zealand's colonial history as continuously affecting the present, not the past.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author left a note in her research journal: 'is there something that I misunderstood and or mis-interpreted here? [The participant] looked nonplussed.'

“However, I left a note in my research journal: 'is there something that I misunderstood and or mis-interpreted here?[The participant] looked nonplussed.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first author more likely accepts the 'Other' status from her understanding of being the Other from where she stands as a migrant, and this needed to be differentiated from what the Maori participants saw, and how they experienced their reality, as it depends on where they stand.

“I more likely accept the 'Other' status from my understanding of being the Other from where I stand as a migrant, and this needed to be differentiated from what the M aori participants saw, and how they experienced their reality, as it depends on where they stand.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author's first analysis of Maori participants' meanings of cultural competence based on their words in texts and transcripts suggests the support of Maori people and culture in social work practice.

“My first analysis of M aori participants' meanings of cultural competence based on their words in texts and transcripts suggest the support of M aori people and culture in social work practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Reflectivity alongside reflection, which is a step toward reflexivity exploring and elaborating in social work, guided the author in the process of reflexivity.

“Reflectivity alongside reflection, which is a step toward reflexivity exploring and elaborating in social work, guided the author in the process of reflexivity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In this article, the core of reflexivity, conscious self-awareness, drew attention to the occurrence and integration of it into the first author's research.

“In this article, the core of reflexivity, conscious self-awareness drew attention to the occurrence and integration of it into the first author's research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Eventually, the first author transformed the analysed information into some form of knowledge.

“Eventually, I transformed the analysed information into some form of knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The examples in this article demonstrate that evocative questions have emerged from the first author's research journals and notes.

“The examples in this article demonstrate that evocative questions have emerged from the first author's research journals and notes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Research is a deliberative process; however, decision-making is not completely consciously based on rational thinking and logical reasoning.

“Research is a deliberative process; however, decision-making is not completely consciously based on rational thinking and logical reasoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Reflexivity in thinking helps to understand what one knows and how one knows, including one's perspectives and assumptions about the world and how self-influence has affected the formation of the research.

“Reflexivity in thinking helps to understand what I know and how I knowwhat are my perspectives and assumptions about the world and how my self-influence (including my emotions) has either intentionally, or unintentionally, affected the formation of the research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity can be a critical lens in the researcher-participant relationship (in relation to power) through reflective practice.

“Reflexivity can be a critical lens in the researcher-participant relationship (in relation to power) through reflective practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The research received ethical approval from the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee on 4 June 2015.

“The research received ethical approval from the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee on 4 June 2015.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity is a crucial concept and pivotal in qualitative research methodology.

“Reflexivity is acknowledged as a crucial concept and is pivotal in the methodology of qualitative research.”

• cites Finlay, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Houston, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Reflexivity can be implemented by undertaking three self-focused activities: thinking about one's own thinking; observing emotions/thoughts, role boundaries and power dynamics in research relationships; and exploring perceptual experiences.

“This exploratory article promotes practising reflectionquestioning, analysing and evaluating oneself in employing reflexivity in all the research stages: methodological construction, data collection and data analysis by undertaking three key self-focused activities: (1) thinking about one's own thinking; (2) observation of emotions/thoughts, role boundaries and power dynamics in research relations”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Reflexivity can be implemented by undertaking three, self-focused activities: (1) thinking about one's own thinking; (2) observing emotions and thoughts, role boundaries and power dynamics in the research relationship; and (3) exploring perceptual experiences.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Maintaining the reflexive stance is achieved through reflectivity.

“Maintaining the reflexive stance is achieved through reflectivity.”

• Also stated in: § Reflexivity as applied in social work practice · plain

  “A reflexive stance is contributed to by a process of reflectivity (Fook, 2016).”

• cites Fook, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity can still be obscure in relation to what reflexivity is, and how to be reflexive or do reflexivity in research.

“Hence reflexivity can still be obscure in relation to what reflexivity is, and how to be reflexive or do reflexivity in research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reflection is a prerequisite and entails analysing, evaluating and questioning oneself in the reflexive process.

“Reflection is a prerequisite and entails analysing, evaluating and questioning oneself in the reflexive process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The process of reflexivity is time-consuming, and researchers may not always have enough time for adequate reflection.

“Also, the process of reflexivity is time-consuming, researchers may not always have enough time for adequate reflection (Probst and Berenson, 2014).”

• cites Probst and Berenson, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Two distinct cultures-an indigenous Maori culture and a largely Anglo-European New Zealand national culture-co-exist, often uncomfortably, within the society, incorporating values and traditions of both cultures and reflecting customs, laws, practices and institutional arrangements.

“Two distinct cultures: an indigenous M aori culture and a largely Anglo-European New Zealand national culture, co-exist, often uncomfortably, within the society, incorporating the values and traditions of both cultures and reflecting this society's customs, laws, practices and institutional arrangements (Eketone and Walker, 2015).”

• cites Eketone and Walker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The profession aspires to bicultural practice based on The Treaty of Waitangi, a partnership between various tribes of Maori and the British Crown signed in 1840.

“The profession aspires to bicultural practice, based on The Treaty of Waitangi (henceforth, in M aori language Te Tiriti o Waitangi), which is a partnership between various tribes of M aori and the British Crown signed in 1840 (Eketone and Walker, 2015;Ruwhiu, 2013).”

• cites Eketone and Walker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ruwhiu, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

New Zealand social work has increasingly focused on its colonial origins as a British colony with significant European settlement in the 19th century.

“New Zealand social work has increasingly focused on its colonial origins as a British colony with significant European settlement in the 19th century (Beddoe, 2018).”

• cites Beddoe, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Reflexivity implies emancipatory practice, which is an inspection of professional knowledge and practice in relation to power.

“Firstly, reflexivity implies emancipatory practice, which is an inspection of professional knowledge and practice in relation to power (D ' Cruz et al., 2007).”

• cites D ' Cruz et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reflexivity seemingly brings researchers' subconsciousness into awareness.

“Reflexivity seemingly brings researchers' subconsciousness into awareness.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Reflexivity reveals researcher-participant power differentials and unequalised power, not only in the immediate interviewing context but also in wider social and cultural contexts.

“Reflexivity reveals researcher-participant power differentials and unequalised power, not only in the immediate interviewing context but also in wider social and cultural contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study of culture or related to culture was a sensitive issue and an area of expertise for Maori people due to ongoing struggle for recognition and rights due to colonisation.

“The study of culture or related to culture was a sensitive issue as well as an area of expertise on the topic for M aori people due to the ongoing struggle for their recognition and rights due to the country's history of colonisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reflexivity often focuses on privileged researchers, though it is not always the case.

“Reflexivity often focuses (becoming aware of power) on privileged researchers.However, it is not always the case.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Reflexivity has become significant in the production of qualitative research, but the necessary techniques may not be clear.

“On the other hand, while reflexivity has become significant in the production of qualitative research, the necessary techniques may not be clear (Day, 2012), and it can be considered too subjective (Finlay, 2002) leading to questioning the validity of the research.”

• cites Day, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Finlay, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reflexive researchers are encouraged to manage power differences by empowering and collaborating with research participants.

“Reflexive researchers are encouraged to manage power differences by empowering and collaborating with research participants (Day, 2012).”

• cites Day, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The capability of reflection on a deeper level is crucial for reflexivity; however, it is seldom mentioned in the research field.

“The capability of reflection on a deeper level is crucial for reflexivity; however, it is seldom mentioned in the research field (Mortari, 2015).”

• cites Mortari, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reflectivity involved inter/intrapersonal dimensions in reflection assist being reflexive/doing reflexively.

“Reflectivity involved inter/intrapersonal dimensions in reflection assist being reflexive/doing reflexively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Researcher's reflexivity, which entails reflection on the process of knowledge production and meaning-making based on theoretical (as well as personal) assumptions, is indispensable.

“Thus, researcher's reflexivity, which entails reflection on the process of knowledge production and meaning-making based on theoretical (as well as personal) assumptions is indispensable.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Reflexivity involves an observation of the power imbalance between researcher and participant.

“Furthermore, reflexivity involves an observation of the power imbalance between researcher and participant.”

• cites Day, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The process forms a dichotomy between the knower of self (subject) and the self as known (object) in reflection.

“The process forms a dichotomy between the knower of self (subject) and the self as known (object) in reflection (Yan and Wong, 2005).”

• cites Yan and Wong, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity in thinking and observing has presented as understanding oneself (assumptions, emotions, self-location and positioning) that leads to recognising others.

“As previously illustrated, reflexivity in thinking and observing has presented as understanding oneself (assumptions, emotions, self-location and positioning) that leads to recognising others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Reflexivity might not be a method of managing power imbalance.

“However, reflexivity might not be a method of managing power imbalance.”

May combine two claims.

Fixed researcher positionality is problematic because a person cannot be completely outside or inside, as the researcher is flexible in insider-outsider positioning.

“Fixed researcher positionality is problematic as any person cannot be completely outside or inside as the researcher is flexible in their insider-outsider positioning (Eppley, 2006;Hallawell, 2006).”

• cites Eppley, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hallawell, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The role of subject who reflects and the object which is reflected-that is, the subject becomes the object of the analysis.

“The role of subject who reflects and the object which is reflectedthat is, the subject becomes the object of the analysis (Mortari, 2015).”

• cites Mortari, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Power is not intrinsically held by persons but by peoples and groups; they are positioned differently within power structures, and power is not equally distributed.

“Power is not something that is intrinsically held by persons but by peoples and groups; they are positioned differently within power structures, and power is not equally distributed (Day, 2012).”

• cites Day, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reflection entails a subject-object analysis or subject 'I' analysis.

“Reflection entails a subject-object analysis or subject 'I' analysis as Finlay (2002) mentioned.”

• cites Finlay, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Researchers are able to recognise and address the assumptions and preconceptions that may affect knowledge production and the process through reflexivity.

“They are able to recognise and address the assumptions and preconceptions that may affect knowledge production and the process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The process is a source of insight through becoming more reflexive.

“The process is a source of insight through becoming more reflexive (Figure 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The subject-object analysis is an objective analysis of self in reflection.

“The subject-object analysis is an objective analysis of self in reflection.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Making oneself the object of self-inquiry becomes the subject of his or her experience.

“Making oneself the object of self-inquiry becomes the subject of his or her experience (Mortari, 2015).”

• cites Mortari, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Understanding a researcher's perceived reality can expand their thinking about others' perceived reality, while these realities may not be identical.

“For instance, understanding a researcher's perceived reality can expand their thinking about others' perceived reality, while these realities may not be identical.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

New Zealand could not claim to be multicultural because government institutions and policies only accommodate one, or at best two, cultural ways of being, knowing, valuing, and doing.

“'With this view, New Zealand could not claim to be multicultural because government institutions and policies only accommodate one, or at best two, cultural ways of being, knowing, valuing, and doing' (Eketone and Walker, 2015: 108).”

• cites Eketone and Walker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Since the ideas of social constructionism have been absorbed into social work and practice, social workers' reflexivity can be more attentive to such things as reflective practice, interpreting clients' problems and knowledge in/of practice.

“Since the ideas of social constructionism have been absorbed into social work and practice, social workers' reflexivity can be more attentive to such things as reflective practice, interpreting clients' problems and knowledge in/of practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reflexivity is not a natural skill but one which can be improved by education and training.

“Reflexivity is, however, not a natural skill but one which can be improved by education and training (Mortari, 2015).”

• cites Mortari, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The first author's perception of the world and subjective knowledge is essential for understanding experiences of Others and interpreting the participants' realities.

“My perception of the world and subjective knowledge is essential for understanding experiences of Others and interpreting the participants' realities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A reflexive researcher can consider participants' perception of the world by recognising their self-view influence.

“A reflexive researcher can consider participants' perception of the world by recognising their self-view influence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity is a post-examination of the subject-object analysis by the subject 'I' (the knower).

“Reflexivity is a post-examination of the subject-object analysis by the subject 'I' (the knower).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity can awaken the consciousness of the researcher's subjective/personal involvement in research.

“Reflexivity can awaken the consciousness of the researcher's subjective/personal involvement in research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflexivity involves exploring and examining perceptual experience-how we perceive participant (and researcher) experiences.

“Reflexivity involves exploring and examining perceptual experienceshow we perceive participant (and researcher) experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These provide an initial mapping of a researcher's own thinking and observe any changes from the beginning, middle and end of the research.

“These provide an initial mapping of a researcher's own thinking and observe any changes from the beginning, middle and end of the research (Pillow, 2010).”

• cites Pillow, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eketone and Walker explain that, in a multicultural society, it is often understood that non-dominant cultural groups are not fully accommodated-they live under the country's laws and customs within a society in which a power dynamic is generated where the privileged in the society maintain monoculturalism.

“Eketone and Walker (2015) explain that, in a multicultural society, it is often understood that non-dominant cultural groups are not fully accommodatedthey live under the country's laws and customs within a society in which a power dynamic is generated where the privileged in the society maintain monoculturalism.”

• cites Eketone and Walker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such reflection focuses more on emotions and thoughts towards interpretations about reality/experience of that subject and may exclude comparing different interpretations and discussing interpretations behind these interpretations.

“However, such reflection focuses more on emotions and thoughts towards interpretations about reality/experience of that subject and may exclude comparing different interpretationsand discussing interpretations behind these interpretations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In qualitative research, reflexivity enables researchers to recognise their presence and particular ways of seeing and thinking and acknowledging that what they see influences how they see their world and others.

“In qualitative research, reflexivity enables researchers to recognise their presence and particular ways of seeing and thinking and acknowledging that what they see influences how they see their world and others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reflexivity can include that, although it may not occur spontaneously.

“Reflexivity can include that, although it may not occur spontaneously.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The process is vital as we tend to see others from our (different/privileged) standpoint.

“The process is vital as we tend to see others from our (different/privileged) standpoint.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The outcomes of reflexivity bring insights such as new thoughts or understandings about how the reality(ies) between the two can be constructed and adjusted through the researcher's internal dialogue.

“The outcomes of reflexivity bring insights such as new thoughts or understandings about how the reality(ies) between the two can be constructed and adjusted through the researcher's internal dialogue.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Aotearoa New Zealand uniquely recognises biculturalism stemming from Te Tiriti o Waitangi, a formal, political, social and cultural structure within the country coexists between two cultures.

“On the other hand, Aotearoa New Zealand uniquely recognises biculturalism stemming from Te Tiriti o Waitangi, a formal, political, social and cultural structure within the country coexists between two cultures.”

• cites Eketone and Walker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Researchers' understanding of their world, participants' views of their world, and then addressing and comparing differences by recognising the influence of the researcher's self-view can bring together each other's knowledge and experiences in creating new knowledge.

“Researchers' understanding of their world, participants' views of their world, and then addressing and comparing differences by recognising the influence of the researcher's self-view can bring together each other's knowledge and experiences in creating new knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If participants see New Zealand's colonial history as continuously affecting the present, not the past, their strong resistance to one dominant culture in social work practice by embracing their culture makes much sense.

“If so, their strong resistance to one dominant culture in social work practice by embracing their culture makes much sense.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reflexivity is often perceived as uncertainty due to its construction within various theoretical frameworks and, as a result, there are several practices of it in research.

“Reflexivity is often perceived as uncertainty due to its construction within various theoretical frameworks and, as a result, there are several practices of it in research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pillow (2010) strongly suggests that researchers, in particular novice researchers, consistently keep researcher logs, field notes and journals.

“Pillow (2010) strongly suggests that researchers, in particular novice researchers, consistently keep researcher logs, field notes and journals.”

• cites Pillow, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

We need both reflectivity and reflexivity for understanding and interpretation of the experiences of participants as well as our own.

“Therefore, we need both reflectivity and reflexivity for understanding and interpretation of the experiences of participants as well as our own.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The process may be back and forth to check/evaluate the researcher's perception of the world and participants (it can include cross-checking with them).

“The process may be back and forth to check/evaluate the researcher's perception of the world and participants (it can include cross-checking with them).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Reflection was crucial for being reflexive and doing reflexivity.

“Reflection was crucial for being reflexive and doing reflexivity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

That leads to further reflexivity to review the findings through analysing the process of knowledge the researcher is generating-questioning the interpretation of the Other's lived experience using the researcher's own words and paradigms to present the Other's experience.

“That leads to further reflexivity to review the findings through analysing the process of knowledge the researcher is generatingquestioning the interpretation of the Other's lived experience using the researcher's own words and paradigms to present the Other's experience.”