The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in North America have been due to a more virulent, possibly more resistant strain that causes more-severe disease, making prompt recognition of cases and optimal management of infection essential for a successful therapeutic outcome. Treatment algorithms are presented to help guide the management of patients with CDI. Metronidazole has been recommended as initial therapy since the late 1990s and continues to be the first choice for all but seriously ill patients and those with complicated or fulminant infections or multiple recurrences of CDI, for whom vancomycin is recommended. Other options for recurrent CDI, such as probiotics and currently available anion-exchange resins, have limited efficacy and are potentially harmful. Intravenous immunoglobulin may benefit patients with refractory, recurrent, or severe disease, but no controlled data are available. Two antimicrobials available in the United States for other indications, nitazoxanide and rifaximin, have been used successfully for CDI treatment but, like metronidazole, lack United States Food and Drug Administration approval for this indication. Experimental treatments currently in clinical development include a toxin-binding polymer, tolevamer; 2 poorly absorbed antimicrobials, OPT-80 (formerly known as Difimicin) and ramoplanin; monoclonal antibodies; and a C. difficile vaccine.
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Citations
Cites
An Epidemic, Toxin Gene–Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile
McDonald, L. C., Killgore, G. E., Thompson, A., Owens, R. C., Kazakova, S. V., Sambol, S. P., Johnson, S., & Gerding, D. N. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051590 · Cited by 2,006
Self-citationLoo, V. G., Poirier, L., Miller, M. A., Oughton, M., Libman, M. D., Michaud, S., Bourgault, A.-M., Nguyen, T., Frenette, C., Kelly, M., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051639 · Cited by 1,946
Warny, M., Pepin, J., Fang, A., Killgore, G., Thompson, A., Brazier, J., Frost, E., & McDonald, L. C. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67420-x · Cited by 1,430
Zar, F. A., Bakkanagari, S. R., Moorthi, K. M. L. S. T., & Davis, M. B. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/519265 · Cited by 1,252
Pepin, J. (2004) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041104 · Cited by 1,128
McFarland, L. V. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510480037031 · Cited by 857
Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., & Kelly, C. P. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03592-3 · Cited by 804
Teasley, D., Olson, M., Gebhard, R., Gerding, D., Peterson, L., Schwartz, M., & Lee, J. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91036-x · Cited by 785
Self-citationBreaking The Cycle: Treatment Strategies for 163 Cases of Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Disease
McFarland, L. V., Elmer, G. W., & Surawicz, C. M. (2002) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05839.x · Cited by 724
Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis
D'Souza, A. L., Rajkumar, C., Cooke, J., & Bulpitt, C. J. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1361 · Cited by 664
Cited by
Metronidazole Is Still the Drug of Choice for Treatment of Anaerobic Infections
Löfmark, S., Edlund, C., & Nord, C. E. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/647939 · Cited by 656
Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation
Khoruts, A., & Sadowsky, M. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.98 · Cited by 561
Chenodeoxycholate Is an Inhibitor of Clostridium difficile Spore Germination
Sorg, J. A., & Sonenshein, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01260-08 · Cited by 199
Models for the study of Clostridium difficile infection
Best, E. L., Freeman, J., & Wilcox, M. H. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19526 · Cited by 135
Neemann, K., Eichele, D. D., Smith, P. W., Bociek, R., Akhtari, M., & Freifeld, A. (2012) · Transplant Infectious Disease · doi:10.1111/tid.12017 · Cited by 107
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerding, D. N., Muto, C. A., & Owens, Jr.
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-01-15
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- s1
- Pages
- S32-S42
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- OpenAlex
- W2115024117
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 90
- FWCI
- 27.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Gerding, D. N., Muto, C. A., & Owens, Jr. (2008). Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1086/521860
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
