Murine Typhus: An Unrecognized Suburban Vectorborne Disease
Abstract
Murine typhus, an acute febrile illness caused by Rickettsia typhi, is distributed worldwide. Mainly transmitted by the fleas of rodents, it is associated with cities and ports where urban rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) are abundant. In the United States, cases are concentrated in suburban areas of Texas and California. Contrary to the classic rat-flea-rat cycle, the most important reservoirs of infection in these areas are opossums and cats. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, has been identified as the principal vector. In Texas, murine typhus cases occur in spring and summer, whereas, in California, cases have been documented in summer and fall. Most patients present with fever, and many have rash and headache. Serologic testing with the indirect immunofluorescence assay is the preferred diagnostic method. Doxycycline is the antibiotic of choice and has been shown to shorten the course of illness.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cats and dogs have been found seropositive for Rickettsia typhi in Europe and the USA, so they might have a certain epidemiological role in the dispersion of this zoonosis.
“Cats and dogs have been found seropositive for R. typhi in both Europe and USA [31,32], thus they might have a certain epidemiological role in the dispersion of this zoonosis [33].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Cites
Manual of Clinical Microbiology.
(1980) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-93-6-939_2 · Cited by 14,435 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-9-818_5 · Cited by 12,045 · see citing works
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
C., N. H. (1955) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/587237 · Cited by 3,658 · see citing works
Murayama, K. M. (2007) · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Flea-borne Rickettsioses: Ecologic Considerations
Azad, A. F., Radulović, S., Higgins, J. A., Noden, B. H., & Troyer, J. M. (1997) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0303.970308 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Azad, A. F. (1990) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.003005 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Clinical and Laboratory Features of Murine Typhus in South Texas, 1980 Through 1987
Dumler, J. S. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470100057033 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Complete Genome Sequence ofRickettsia typhiand Comparison with Sequences of Other Rickettsiae
McLeod, M. P., Qin, X., Karpathy, S. E., Gioia, J., Highlander, S. K., Fox, G. E., McNeill, T. Z., Jiang, H., Muzny, D. M., Jacob, L. S., et al. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.17.5842-5855.2004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
A Flea-Associated Rickettsia Pathogenic for Humans
Raoult, D., Scola, B. L., Enea, M., Fournier, P., Roux, V., Fenollar, F., Galvão, M. A. M., & de Lamballerie, X. N. (2001) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0701.010112 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Azad, A. F. (1990) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.35.1.553 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Williams, S. G., Sacci, J. B., Schriefer, M. E., Andersen, E. M., Fujioka, K. K., Sorvillo, F. J., Barr, A. R. S., & Azad, A. F. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.30.7.1758-1762.1992 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
DOXYCYCLINE AND STAINING OF PERMANENT TEETH
Lochary, M. E., Lockhart, P. B., & Williams, W. T. (1998) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-199805000-00019 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Absence of Tooth Staining With Doxycycline Treatment in Young Children
Volovitz, B., Shkap, R., Amir, J., Calderon, S., Varsano, I., & Nussinovitch, M. (2007) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922806290026 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Geographic Association ofRickettsia felis-Infected Opossums with Human Murine Typhus, Texas
Boostrom, A., Beier, M. S., Macaluso, J. A., Macaluso, K. R., Sprenger, D., Hayes, J., Radulovic, S., & Azad, A. F. (2002) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0806.010350 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Rickettsia felis: a new species of pathogenic rickettsia isolated from cat fleas
Higgins, J. A., Radulović, S., Schriefer, M. E., & Azad, A. F. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.34.3.671-674.1996 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Zoonoses ,Biology,clinical Practice,and Public Health Control
Palmer, S., Soulsby, L., & Simpson, D. I. H. (1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiologic Features of Murine Typhus in 97 Texas Children
Whiteford, S. F., Taylor, J. P., & Dumler, J. S. (2001) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.3.396 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Murine Typhus as a Common Cause of Fever of Intermediate Duration
Bernabeu‐Wittel, M., Pachón, J., de Alarcón, A., López-Cortés, L. F., Viciana, P., Me, J.-M., Villanueva, J. L., Torronteras, R., & Caballero, F. J. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.8.872 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Sorvillo, F. J., Gondo, B., Emmons, R. W., Ryan, P. B., Waterman, S. H., Tilzer, A., ANDERSEN, E. M., Murray, R. A., & Barr, A. R. S. (1993) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.269 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Changing Ecology of Murine (Endemic) Typhus in Southern California
Adams, W., Emmons, R. W., & Brooks, J. E. (1970) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.311 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Murine Typhus with Renal Involvement in Canary Islands, Spain
Hernández-Cabrera, M., Ángel-Moreno, A., Santana, É., Bolaños, M., Francés, A., Martín‐Sánchez, A. M., & Pérez-Arellano, J.-L. (2004) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1004.030532 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Murine typhus in Greece: epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic data from 83 cases
Gikas, A. I., Doukakis, S., Pediaditis, J., Kastanakis, S., Psaroulaki, A., & Tselentis, Y. (2002) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90090-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Murine typhus in South Texas children
FERGIE, J. E., Purcell, K., & Wanat, D. M. (2000) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200006000-00009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Murine typhus in Thailand: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment
Silpapojakul, K., Chayakul, P., Krisanapan, S., & Silpapojakul, K. (1993) · QJM · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068736 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gikas, A. I., Doukakis, S., Pediaditis, J., Kastanakis, S., Manios, A. G., & Tselentis, Y. (2004) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.576 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Abramson, J. S., & Givner, L. B. (1990) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.86.1.123 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Miller, E. S., & Beeson, P. B. (1946) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-194602000-00001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Murine Typhus Poorly Responsive to Ciprofloxacin: A Case Report
Laferl, H., Fournier, P., Seiberl, G., Pichler, H., & Raoult, D. (2006) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.2310/7060.2002.21970 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Murine typhus presenting as subacute meningoencephalitis
Masalha, R., Merkin-Zaborsky, H., Matar, M. A., Zirkin, H. J., Wirguin, I., & Herishanu, Y. O. (1998) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s004150050264 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kelly, D. J., Chan, C. T., Paxton, H., Thompson, K., Howard, R. J., & Dasch, G. A. (1995) · Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology · doi:10.1128/cdli.2.3.356-360.1995 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ciprofloxacin Treatment of Murine Typhus
Strand, Ø. A., & Strömberg, A. (1990) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365549009027084 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES
Myers, S. A., & Sexton, D. J. (1994) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30617-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in Children, South Texas1
Purcell, K., FERGIE, J. E., Richman, K., & Rocha, L. (2007) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1306.061566 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Transmission cycle of murine typhus in Greece
Chaniotis, B. N., Psarulaki, A., Chaliotis, G., García, G. G., Gozadinos, T., & Tselentis, Y. (1994) · Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology · doi:10.1080/00034983.1994.11812916 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Clinical and epidemiological observations regarding the 1998 Kauai murine typhus outbreak.
Manea, S. J., Sasaki, D. M., Ikeda, J., & Bruno, P. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Aseptic meningitis as a delayed neurologic complication of murine typhus
Maroto, I. V., Morillo, J. S. G., Bernabeu‐Wittel, M., Stiefel, P., Miranda, M., Pamies, E., Aparicio, R., & Carneado, J. (2002) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00502.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Murine Typhus from Vietnam, Imported into Japan
Azuma, M., Nishioka, Y., Ogawa, M., Takasaki, T., Sone, S., & Uchiyama, T. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1209.060071 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Murine Typhus among Khmers Living at an Evacuation Site on the Thai-Kampuchean Border
Brown, A. E., Meek, S. R., Maneechai, N., & Lewis, G. E. (1988) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.168 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
SPONTANEOUS SPLENIC RUPTURE IN A CHILD WITH MURINE TYPHUS
FERGIE, J. E., & Purcell, K. (2004) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000145547.03450.9d · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Austin, S. M., Smith, S. M. R., Co, B., Coppel, I. G., & Johnson, J. E. (1987) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-198705000-00007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mohr, C. O., Good, N. E., & Schubert, J. H. (1953) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.43.12.1514 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Carter, C. N., Ronald, N. C., Steele, J. H., Young, E., Taylor, J. P., Russell, L. H., Eugster, A. K., & West, J. E. (1997) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0301.970111 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Buchs, A. E., Zimlichman, R., Sikuler, E., & GOLDFARB, B. (1992) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199207000-00019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Update on emerging infections: news from the centers for disease control and prevention
Takhar, S. S. (2004) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.04.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Spontaneous splenic rupture associated with murine typhus
McKelvey, S. D., Braidley, P. C., Stansby, G. P., & Weir, W. R. C. (1991) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/s0163-4453(05)80017-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Splenic involvement in endemic (murine) typhus: CT findings
Radin, R., Hirbawi, I. A., & Henderson, R. W. (2001) · Abdominal Imaging · doi:10.1007/s002610000172 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Murine typhus in Kuwait in 1978.
Al-Awadi, A. R., Al-Kazemi, N., Ezzat, G., Saah, A. J., Shepard, C. C., Zaghloul, T., & Gherdian, B. (1982) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in the United States
White, P. C. (1965) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/130.5.469 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Halverson, W. L. (1942) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F., & Raoult, D. (2010) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.011 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Firth, C., Bhat, M., Firth, M. A., Williams, S. H., Frye, M. J., Peter Simmonds, K., Conte, J. M., Ng, J., Garcia, J., Bhuva, N., et al. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01933-14 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Himsworth, C. G., Parsons, K. L., Jardine, C., & Patrick, D. M. (2013) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1195 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Transmission of Flea-Borne Zoonotic Agents
Eisen, R. J., & Gage, K. L. (2012) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100717 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing for Epidemiological Surveys of Bacteria in Wildlife
Galan, M., Razzauti, M., Bard, É., Bernard, M., Brouat, C., Charbonnel, N., Garcia, A. D., Loiseau, A., Tatard, C., Tamisier, L., et al. (2016) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00032-16 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Tsioutis, C., Zafeiri, M., Avramopoulos, A., Prousali, E., Miligkos, M., & Karageorgos, S. A. (2016) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.018 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Rickettsiae as Emerging Infectious Agents
Fang, R., Blanton, L. S., & Walker, D. H. (2017) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2017.01.009 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Aung, A. K., Spelman, D. W., Murray, R. J., & Graves, S. (2014) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0191 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Leulmi, H., Socolovschi, C., Laudisoit, A. M., Houémènou, G., Davoust, B., Bitam, I., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003152 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Syndromic classification of rickettsioses: an approach for clinical practice
Faccini‐Martínez, Á. A., García-Álvarez, L., Hidalgo, M., & Oteo, J. A. (2014) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.025 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Host-Cell Interactions with Pathogenic Rickettsia Species
Sahni, S., & Rydkina, E. B. (2009) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.09.6 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Arthropod-Borne Diseases Associated with Political and Social Disorder
Brouqui, P. (2010) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144739 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Aboriginal and Invasive Rats of Genus Rattus as Hosts of Infectious Agents
Kosoy, M., Khlyap, L. A., Cosson, J., & Morand, S. (2015) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1629 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in Returned Travelers: A Report of Thirty-Two Cases
Walter, G., Botelho-Nevers, É., Socolovschi, C., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2012) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0794 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008
Adjemian, J., Parks, S., McElroy, K., Campbell, J., Eremeeva, M. E., Nicholson, W. L., McQuiston, J., & Taylor, J. (2010) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1603.091028 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Infection of the endothelium by members of the order Rickettsiales
Walker, D. H., & Valbuena, G. (2009) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th09-03-0186 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Norway rat, from an obnoxious pest to a laboratory pet
Modlińska, K., & Pisula, W. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.50651 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Vallée, J., Thaojaikong, T., Moore, C. E., Phetsouvanh, R., Richards, A. L., Souris, M., Fournet, F., Salem, G., Gonzalez, J., & Newton, P. N. (2010) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000909 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Opossums and Cat Fleas: New Insights in the Ecology of Murine Typhus in Galveston, Texas
Blanton, L. S., Idowu, M. B., Tatsch, T., Henderson, J. M., Bouyer, D. H., & Walker, D. H. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0197 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Diakou, Α., Cesare, A. D., Accettura, P. M., Barros, L. A., Iorio, R., Paoletti, B., di Regalbono, A. F., Halos, L., Beugnet, F., & Traversa, D. (2017) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005335 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hamaguchi, S., Cuong, N. C., Tra, D. T., Doan, Y. H., Shimizu, K., Tuan, N. Q., Yoshida, L., Mai, L. Q., Duc-Anh, D., Ando, S., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0806 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rickettsia typhi Possesses Phospholipase A2 Enzymes that Are Involved in Infection of Host Cells
Rahman, M. S., Gillespie, J. J., Kaur, S. J., Sears, K. T., Ceraul, S. M., Beier‐Sexton, M., & Azad, A. F. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003399 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of Rickettsioses in Thailand
Suputtamongkol, Y., Suttinont, C., Niwatayakul, K., Hoontrakul, S., Limpaiboon, R., Chierakul, W., Losuwanaluk, K., & Saisongkork, W. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04514.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Maina, A. N., Fogarty, C., Krueger, L., Macaluso, K. R., Odhiambo, A., Nguyen, K., Farris, C. M., Luce-Fedrow, A., Bennett, S. G., Jiang, J., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160604 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases in Pregnancy
Dotters-Katz, S. K., Kuller, J. A., & Heine, R. P. (2013) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0b013e3182a5ed46 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
McElroy, K. M., Blagburn, B. L., Breitschwerdt, E. B., Mead, P. S., & McQuiston, J. H. (2010) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.001 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The past and present threat of vector-borne diseases in deployed troops
Pagès, F., Faulde, M. K., Orlandi‐Pradines, E., & Parola, P. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03132.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Widespread use of real-time PCR for rickettsial diagnosis: Figure 1
Renvoisé, A., Rolain, J., Socolovschi, C., & Raoult, D. (2011) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00899.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Etiologies of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness in Bangkok, Thailand
Luvira, V., Silachamroon, U., Piyaphanee, W., Lawpoolsri, S., Chierakul, W., Leaungwutiwong, P., Thawornkuno, C., & Wattanagoon, Y. (2019) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0407 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Urban population genetics of slum‐dwelling rats ( R attus norvegicus) in S alvador, B razil
Kajdacsi, B., Costa, F., Hyseni, C., Porter, F., Brown, J. E. H., Rodrigues, G., Farias, H., dos Reis, M. G., Childs, J. E., Ko, A. I., et al. (2013) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.12455 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Chikungunya-related arthritis: Case report and review of the literature
Waymouth, H. E., Zoutman, D., & Towheed, T. (2013) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.03.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Acute Febrile Illness and Complications Due to Murine Typhus, Texas, USA1,2
Afzal, Z., Kallumadanda, S., Wang, F., Hemmige, V. S., & Musher, D. M. (2017) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2308.161861 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Newton, P. N., Keolouangkhot, V., Lee, S. J., Choumlivong, K., Sisouphone, S., Choumlivong, K., Vongsouvath, M., Mayxay, M., Chansamouth, V., Davong, V., et al. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy563 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes
Traversa, D. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-59 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Eremeeva, M. E., Karpathy, S. E., Krueger, L., Hayes, E. K., Williams, A., Zaldívar, Y. L., Bennett, S. G., Cummings, R. F., Tilzer, A., Velten, R. K., et al. (2012) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1603/me11291 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rickettsial infections in the tropics and in the traveler
Blanton, L. S. (2013) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0b013e328363811b · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chaliotis, G., Kritsotakis, E. I., Psaroulaki, A., Tselentis, Y., & Gikas, A. I. (2012) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.03.010 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
New approaches in the systematics of rickettsiae
Николаевич, Ш. С., Fournier, P., Pozdnichenko, N. N., Gumenuk, A. S., & Skiba, A. A. (2018) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.02.012 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Peniche-Lara, G. F., Dzul-Rosado, K. R., Perez-Osorio, C. E., & Zavala-Castro, J. E. (2015) · Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo · doi:10.1590/s0036-46652015000200005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Himsworth, C. G., Bai, Y., Kosoy, M., Wood, H., Dibernardo, A., Lindsay, L. R., Bidulka, J. J., Tang, P., Jardine, C. M., & Patrick, D. M. (2015) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1657 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Pathogens in Pregnant Women from the Caribbean
Wood, H., DREBOT, M. A., Dewailly, É., Dillon, L., Dimitrova, K., Forde, M. S., Grolla, A., Lee, E., Loftis, A. D., Makowski, K., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0107 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dittrich, S., Castonguay-Vanier, J., Moore, C. E., Thongyoo, N., Newton, P. N., & Paris, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02786-13 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zoonoses of Rabbits and Rodents
Hill, W. A., & Brown, J. P. (2011) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.05.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bacterial small RNAs in the Genus Rickettsia
Schroeder, C. L. C., Narra, H. P., Rojas, M., Sahni, A., Patel, J. G., Khanipov, K., Wood, T. G., Fofanov, Y., & Sahni, S. K. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2293-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses and Murine Typhus in a Malaysian Teaching Hospital
Kho, K. L., Koh, F. X., Singh, H. K. L., Zan, H. A. M., Kukreja, A., Ponnampalavanar, S. S. L., & Tay, S. T. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0199 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Blanton, L. S. (2023) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.3390/idr15060063 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Murine Typhus as a Cause of Fever in Travelers From Tunisia and Mediterranean Areas
Angelakis, E., Botelho, E. M., Socolovschi, C., Roure-Sobas, C., Piketty, C., Parola, P., & Raoult, D. (2010) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00435.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in South Texas Children
Howard, A., & FERGIE, J. E. (2018) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000001954 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An overview of rickettsiae in Southeast Asia: Vector-animal-human interface
Low, V. L., Tan, T. K., Khoo, J. J., Lim, F. S., & AbuBakar, S. (2019) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105282 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Flea-Borne Rickettsioses in the North of Caldas Province, Colombia
Hidalgo, M., Montoya, V., Martínez, A., Mercado, M., de la Ossa, A., Vélez, C., Estrada, G. I., Pérez, J. E., Faccini‐Martínez, Á. A., Labruna, M. B., et al. (2013) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1173 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Significance of major international seaports in the distribution of murine typhus in Taiwan
Kuo, C., Wardrop, N. A., Chang, C., Wang, H., & Atkinson, P. M. (2017) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005430 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The role of dogs in the eco-epidemiology of Rickettsia typhi, etiological agent of Murine typhus
Nogueras, M. M., Pons, I., Pla, J., Ortuño, A., Miret, J., Sanfeliú, I., & Segura, F. (2012) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.043 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A systematic review of the untreated mortality of murine typhus
Doppler, J. F., & Newton, P. N. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008641 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Renvoisé, A., & Raoult, D. (2009) · Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses · doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2008.11.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Host, pathogen and treatment-related prognostic factors in rickettsioses
Botelho-Nevers, É., & Raoult, D. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1208-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Abramowicz, K. F., Wekesa, J. W., NWADIKE, C. N., Zambrano, M. L., Karpathy, S. E., Cecil, D., BURNS, J., Hu, R., & Eremeeva, M. E. (2012) · Medical and Veterinary Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01017.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Molecular Survey of Rickettsia felis in Fleas from Cats and Dogs in Sicily (Southern Italy)
Giudice, E., Pietro, S. D., Alaimo, A., Blanda, V., Lelli, R., Francaviglia, F., CARACAPPA, S., & Torina, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106820 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Foxwell, A. R., McIntyre, P. B., Quinn, H., Roper, K. G., & Clements, M. (2010) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3181f43906 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Urban Focus of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis in Los Angeles, California
Abramowicz, K. F., Rood, M. P., Krueger, L., & Eremeeva, M. E. (2010) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0117 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Anstead, G. M. (2020) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed6010002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bhengsri, S., Baggett, H. C., Edouard, S., Dowell, S. F., Dasch, G. A., Fisk, T. L., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0752 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Odhiambo, A., Maina, A. N., Taylor, M. L., Jiang, J., & Richards, A. L. (2014) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1518 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Vector-Borne Rickettsioses in North Africa
Kernif, T., Socolovschi, C., Bitam, I., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2012) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Distribution and characteristics of rodent picornaviruses in China
Du, J., Lu, L., Liu, F., Su, H., Dong, J., Sun, L., Zhu, Y., Ren, X., Yang, F., Guo, F., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34381 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in Child, Yucatan, Mexico
Zavala-Castro, J. E., Zavala-Velázquez, J. E., & Uicab, J. E. S. (2009) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1506.081367 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Torres-Castro, M. A., Reyes‐Novelo, E., Bolio‐González, M. E., Lugo-Caballero, C. I., Dzul-Rosado, K. R., Colunga‐Salas, P., Sánchez‐Montes, S., Noh-Pech, H. R., Puerto, F. I., & Rodríguez‐Vivas, R. I. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12202885 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
High Seroprevalence for Typhus Group Rickettsiae, Southwestern Tanzania
Dill, T., Dobler, G., Saathoff, E., Clowes, P., Kroidl, I., Ntinginya, E. N., Machibya, H., Maboko, L., Löscher, T., Höelscher, M., et al. (2013) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1902.120601 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Roberts, T., Parker, D. M., Bulterys, P. L., Rattanavong, S., Elliott, I., Phommasone, K., Mayxay, M., Chansamouth, V., Robinson, M. T., Blacksell, S. D., et al. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009685 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Infectious diseases of the skin
Grayson, W. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5649-2.00018-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rennoll, S. A., Rennoll-Bankert, K. E., Guillotte, M. L., Lehman, S. S., Driscoll, T., Beier‐Sexton, M., Rahman, M. S., Gillespie, J. J., & Azad, A. F. (2017) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00562-17 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A 2015 outbreak of flea-borne rickettsiosis in San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles County, California
Nelson, K., Maina, A. N., Brisco, A., Foo, C., Croker, C., Ngo, V., Civen, R., Richards, A. L., Fujioka, K. K., & Wekesa, J. W. (2018) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006385 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of microarray studies for host–intracellular pathogen interactions
Leroy, Q., & Raoult, D. (2010) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2010.02.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rickettsial Illnesses as Important Causes of Febrile Illness in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Kingston, H. W. F., Hossain, M., Leopold, S. J., Anantatat, T., Tanganuchitcharnchai, A., Sinha, I., Plewes, K., Maude, R. J., Chowdhury, M. A., Paul, S., et al. (2018) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2404.170190 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Elliott, I., Batty, E. M., Ming, D. K. Y., Robinson, M. T., Nawtaisong, P., de Cesare, M., Newton, P. N., & Bowden, R. J. (2019) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0383 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Anstead, G. M. (2020) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5010037 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lokida, D., Hadi, U., Lau, C., Kosasih, H., Liang, C. J., Rusli, M., Sudarmono, P. P., Lukman, N., Laras, K., Asdie, R. H., et al. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05057-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Murine Typhus in Southern Taiwan during 1992–2009
Chang, K., Chen, Y., Lee, N., Lee, H., Lin, C.-Y., Tsai, J., Lu, P., Chen, T., Hsieh, H., Lin, W., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0465 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Suspected and Confirmed Vector-Borne Rickettsioses of North America Associated with Human Diseases
Yoshimizu, M. H., & Billeter, S. A. (2018) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3010002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Murine Typhus as a Cause of Cognitive Impairment: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
Carr, S. B., Bergamo, D. F., Emmanuel, P. J., & Ferreira, J. A. (2013) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.09.017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Approaches for the successful isolation and cell culture of American Rickettsia species
Lugo-Caballero, C. I., Tello‐Martín, R., Dzul-Rosado, K. R., & Zavala-Castro, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Vector Borne Diseases · doi:10.4103/0972-9062.256560 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dhawan, S., Robinson, M. T., Stenos, J., Graves, S., Wangrangsimakul, T., Newton, P. N., Day, N., & Blacksell, S. D. (2020) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0818 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vector-borne diseases in pregnancy
O’Kelly, B., & Lambert, J. S. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/2049936120941725 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sakamoto, N., Nakamura‐Uchiyama, F., Kobayashi, K., Takasaki, T., Ogasawara, Y., Ando, S., Iwabuchi, S., & Ohnishi, K. (2012) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00678.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Billeter, S. A., Diniz, P. P. V. D. P., Jett, L. A., Wournell, A., Kjemtrup, A. M., Padgett, K. A., Yoshimizu, M. H., Metzger, M. E., & Barr, M. C. (2016) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1869 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Vasconcelos, E. J. R., Billeter, S. A., Jett, L. A., Meinersmann, R. J., Barr, M. C., Diniz, P. P. V. D. P., & Oakley, B. B. (2018) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2282 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hsu, Y., Lin, C.-C., Chomel, B. B., Tsai, K., Wu, W., Huang, C., & Chang, C. (2011) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2011.09.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Abducens Nerve Palsy and Meningitis by Rickettsia typhi
Moy, W. L., & Ooi, S. T. (2014) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0559 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rickettsial Infections among Cats and Cat Fleas in Riverside County, California
Mullins, K., Maina, A. N., Krueger, L., Jiang, J., Cummings, R. F., Drusys, A., Williams, G., Dhillon, M., & Richards, A. L. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0706 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dzul-Rosado, K. R., Lugo-Caballero, C. I., Tello‐Martín, R., López-Ávila, K. B., & Zavala-Castro, J. E. (2017) · Open Veterinary Journal · doi:10.4314/ovj.v7i2.14 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii, British Columbia, Canada, 1999–2007
Galanis, E. (2010) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1601.090900 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Murine typhus in Cyprus: a 9-year survey
Psaroulaki, A., Christou, C., Chochlakis, D., Tsiligianni, I., Sandalakis, V., Georgalis, L., Ioannou, I., Giorgalas, G., & Tselentis, Y. (2012) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.02.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Simon, N. G., Cremer, P. D., & Graves, S. (2011) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03152.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stephens, B. E., Thi, M., Alkhateb, R., Agarwal, A. N., Sharkey, F. E., Dayton, C. L., & Anstead, G. M. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0084 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tropical Rickettsial Infections
Paris, D. H., & Day, N. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00023-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Badiaga, S., Benkouiten, S., Hajji, H., Raoult, D., & Brouqui, P. (2011) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2011.09.008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fleaborne Typhus–Associated Deaths — Los Angeles County, California, 2022
Alarcón, J., Sanosyan, A., Contreras, Z. A., Ngo, V. P., Carpenter, A., Hacker, J. K., Probert, W. S., Terashita, D. M., Balter, S. E., & Halai, U. (2023) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7231a1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMurine typhus in elderly patients: a prospective study of 49 patients
Tsioutis, C., Chaliotis, G., Kokkini, S., Doukakis, S., Tselentis, Y., Psaroulaki, A., & Gikas, A. I. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365548.2014.943283 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
SERS-based serodiagnosis of acute febrile diseases using plasmonic nanopopcorn microarray platforms
Das, A., Kim, K., Park, S., Choi, N., & Choo, J. (2021) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.113525 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kuo, C., HUANG, J. L., Lin, T., & Wang, H.-C. (2012) · Medical and Veterinary Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01009.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Billeter, S. A., & Metzger, M. E. (2016) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1093/jme/tjw179 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Civen, R., & Ngo, V.
- Affiliations
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Civen, R.
- ORCID
- Ngo, V.
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-03-15
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 913-918
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- OpenAlex
- W2163255895
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bartonella species infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Keywords
- murine typhus, Rickettsia typhi, Ctenocephalides felis, cats as reservoir, urban rats, seasonal distribution, serological diagnosis, doxycycline treatment, Texas, California
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, California, Cat Diseases, Cats, Disease Reservoirs, Ectoparasitic Infestations, Siphonaptera, Humans, Insect Vectors, Opossums, Rickettsia typhi, Seasons, Suburban Population, Texas, Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
