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Markers of Inflammation, Coagulation, and Renal Function Are Elevated in Adults with HIV Infection
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and immune activation may increase inflammation and coagulation biomarkers. Limited data exist comparing such biomarkers in persons with and without HIV infection. METHODS: For persons 45-76 years of age, levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-6, D-dimer, and cystatin C were compared in 494 HIV-infected individuals in the Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (SMART) study and 5386 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study. For persons 33-44 years of age, hsCRP and IL-6 levels were compared in 287 participants in the SMART study and 3231 participants in the Coronary Artery Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. RESULTS: hsCRP and IL-6 levels were 55% (P < . 001) and 62 (P < . 001) higher among HIV-infected participants than among CARDIA study participants. Compared with levels noted in MESA study participants, hsCRP, IL-6, D-dimer, and cystatin C levels were 50%, 152%, 94%, and 27% higher, respectively (P < . 001, for each), among HIV-infected participants. HIV-infected participants receiving antiretroviral therapy who had HIV RNA levels 400 copies/mL had levels higher (by 21% to 60%) (P < . 001) than those in the general population, for all biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: hsCRP, IL-6, D-dimer, and cystatin C levels are elevated in persons with HIV infection and remain so even after HIV RNA levels are suppressed with antiretroviral therapy. Additional research is needed on the pathophysiology of HIV-induced activation of inflammatory and coagulation pathways, to guide potential interventions.
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“However, this therapy does not protect patients from the persistent immune activation, chronic inflammation, and excess risk of developing CVD and frailty131–135.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [132]
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“Many (but not all) biomarkers associated with inflammation (e.g., IL-6, sCD14) and end-organ diseases common in seniors (e.g., cystatin C as a marker of declining renal function) are higher in antiretroviral-treated adults than uninfected adults (50).”
From HIV and Aging: State of Knowledge and Areas of Critical Need for Research. A Report to the NIH Office of AIDS Research by the HIV and Aging Working Group (2012) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Neuhaus, J., Jacobs, Jr., Baker, J. V., Calmy, A., Duprez, D., La Rosa, A., Kuller, L. H., Pett, S. L., Ristola, M., Ross, M. J., Shlipak, M. G., Tracy, R., & Neaton, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neuhaus, Jacqueline
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-06-15
- Volume
- 201
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1788-1795
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- PMC
- PMC2872049
- OpenAlex
- W2127517680
- Cited by
- 869
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 61.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc95095-66-0-1, n01hc95164-17-0-1, n01hc48050-59-0-1, n01hc48048-58-0-1, n01hc95165-34-0-1, n01hc48047-55-0-1, n01hc95161-24-0-1, n01hc095169-003, n01hc95166-21-0-1, n01hc48049-61-0-1, n01hc95162-31-0-1, n01hc95168-27-0-1, n01hc95160-18-0-1, n01hc095167-000, N01-HC- 95159, n01hc95163-22-0-1, n01hc95159-40-0-1, N01‐HC‐95169)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01HC48050, N01 HC-95159, N01-HC095169, N01-HC-095165, N01 HC 95095, N01 HC095163, N01 HC048048, N01-HC-048049, N01-HC-095159, N01 HC095168, NO1-HC-48049, N01-HC-095162, N01 HC095095, N01-HC-095161, N01 HC048050, N01-HC48048, N01 HC095167, N01-HC-48-049, N01-HC-095160, N01 HC095166, N01 HC095164, N01 HC048047, NO1-HC-95095, N01-HC-480-47, N01 HC95169)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI46362, U01AI046362, U01AI042170)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078510)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- HIV infection, inflammatory markers, coagulation markers, renal function, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, D-dimer, cystatin C, antiretroviral therapy, viral suppression, immune activation, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Coagulation Disorders, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Humans, Inflammation, Kidney Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, HIV Infections, Interleukin-6, Anti-HIV Agents, Viral Load, Cystatin C
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