The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When Do Fathers Care? Mothers’ Economic Contribution and Fathers’ Involvement in Child Care
Open accessAbstract
Previous literature suggests a tenuous link between fathers' care of children and maternal employment and earnings. This study shows that the link is stronger when measures of caregiving capture fathers' increased responsibility for children. The analysis of time diary data from 6,572 married fathers and 7,376 married mothers with children under age 13 indicates that fathers (1) engage in more "solo" care of children when their wives are employed, (2) are more likely to do the kind of child care associated with responsibility for their children when their wives spend more time in the labor market, and (3) participate more in routine care when their wives contribute a greater share of the couple's earnings. In addition, the "father care" to "mother care" ratio rises when mothers contribute a greater share of household earnings.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“At this point it is worth noting that the transition to parenthood typically involves a substantial reduction in working hours for new mothers (Paull, 2008), which can lead to increased pressure on new fathers to become the key earner, perhaps at the cost of reduced family time (Raley et al., 2012).”
From Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support (2020) · cites this paper as Raley et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?
Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/511799 · Cited by 2,525
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657415 · Cited by 2,296
The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood.
LaRossa, R., & Hays, S. (1998) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/3005721 · Cited by 1,960
Economic Dependency, Gender, and the Division of Labor at Home
Brines, J. (1994) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230577 · Cited by 1,420
When Does Gender Trump Money? Bargaining and Time in Household Work
Bittman, M., England, P., Sayer, L. C., Folbre, N. R., & Matheson, G. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/378341 · Cited by 1,362
Changing rhythms of American family life
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-6528 · Cited by 1,056
Are Parents Investing Less in Children? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Time with Children
Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/386270 · Cited by 1,001
Self-citationDoes Father Care Mean Fathers Share?
Craig, L. (2006) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205285212 · Cited by 995
Children's Time With Fathers in Intact Families
Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x · Cited by 975
Allen, S. M., & Hawkins, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353894 · Cited by 972
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Bianchi Suzanne M, Pp. 189–219 in Social Inequality, edited by Kathryn Neckerman.
- Bianchi Suzanne M, Pp. 21–42 in Work, Family, Health and Well-Being
- Bianchi Suzanne M, 2006, Milkie
- Bittman Michael, Pp. 133–51 in Family Time: The Social Organization of Care, edited by Nancy Folbre and Michael Bittman.
- Budig Michelle J, Pp. 51–68 in Family Time: The Social Organization of Care, edited by Michelle J. Budig and Nancy Folbre.
- Cherlin Andrew, The Marriage Go Round
- England Paula, meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, April 15–17
- Furstenberg Frank F, Pp. 193–218 in The Changing American Family and Public Policy
- Lamb Michael E, Pp. 3–25 in The Father’s Role: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
- Pleck Joseph H, Pp. 66–103 in The Role of the Father in Child Development, 3d ed., edited by M. E. Lamb.
- Riley Melissa Buckmiller, Master’s thesis
- Robinson John P, Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Spend Their Time
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 476
Hofferth, S. L., & Goldscheider, F. K. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.31103-5 · Cited by 4
Do Fathers Have Son Preference in the United States? Evidence from Paternal Subjective Well-BeingPreprint
Song, Y., & Gao, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1902762/v1 · Cited by 4
Searson, C., Oxlad, M., & Sawyer, A. C. P. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2494512 · Cited by 3
Shin, H., & Kim, S. (2022) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/07311214221139445 · Cited by 3
Labor Market Consequences of Grandparenthood
Joo, W.-T., Elwert, F., & Munk, M. D. (2024) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v11.a22 · Cited by 3
Pora, P., & Wilner, L. (2025) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/00197939251342494 · Cited by 3
Are Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules a Barrier to Their School Involvement?
Ballentine, K. L., & Pilarz, A. R. (2025) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241303967 · Cited by 3
The Social Division of Care Work Time Over Half a Century
Goñalons-Pons, P., & Ansari-Thomas, Z. (2025) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-11879571 · Cited by 3
Okur‐Ataş, Ş., & Berument, S. K. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2127291 · Cited by 3
Grinberg, D., Levin-Asher, B., & Segal, O. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00558 · Cited by 4
Weighting power by preference eliminates gender differences
Sikström, S., Stoinski, L. M., Karlsson, K., Stille, L., & Willander, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234961 · Cited by 3
Unequal but Together: Inequality Within and Between Families
Lively, K. J., Oslawski‐Lopez, J., & Powell, B. (2014) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4_16 · Cited by 3
Vollmer, R. L., Adamsons, K. L., Foster, J. S., & Mobley, A. R. (2017) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2017.1343726 · Cited by 3
Vicario, S., Peacock, M., Buykx, P., Meier, P. S., & Bissell, P. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114499 · Cited by 3
Racial/Ethnic Variation in Residential Fathers’ Time in Childcare and Co-presence with ChildrenPreprint
Nomaguchi, K. M., Milkie, M. A., Allen, A., & Gustafson, K. E. (2021) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xmgfu · Cited by 3
Zapata-Román, G., Energici, M.-A., Alarcón‐Arcos, S., & Moller, F. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3112667/v1 · Cited by 3
First-Year maternal employment, resources, and trajectories of father engagement with preschoolers
Lee, J.-H. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1671833 · Cited by 2
Educational difference in parents’ childcare time: evidence from CTUS
Han, Z., Zhao, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Asian Population Studies · doi:10.1080/17441730.2023.2287352 · Cited by 2
Equality takes work: a process to understand why women still do most of the household labor
Echagüe, I. M. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf068 · Cited by 2
Cash‐for‐Care and the Cost of Parenthood: Evidence From Same‐Sex and Adoptive Parents
van der Vleuten, M., & Moberg, Y. (2025) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.70010 · Cited by 2
Diniz, E., d’Orsi, D., & Mourão, S. S. M. (2025) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2025.2518560 · Cited by 2
Partners’ Stress Is Also a Source of Maternal Stress
Khuzaiyah, S., Gomes, R. F., Ayuanda, L. N., Mumin, K. H. A., & Hashim, S. H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09245-8_12 · Cited by 2
Park, S., & Smith, S. W. (2019) · Journal of Intercultural Communication Research · doi:10.1080/17475759.2019.1575891 · Cited by 2
Rollin, Z., & Sivilotti, L. (2021) · Anthropologie et santé · doi:10.4000/anthropologiesante.10197 · Cited by 2
Johnston, P., Tagalik, S., & Amarudjuak, R. (2022) · The American Review of Canadian Studies · doi:10.1080/02722011.2022.2114266 · Cited by 2
The Parental Occupational Balance and Child-Parent Relationship
Özkan, E., Pekçetin, S., & Temel, R. G. (2023) · Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.26453/otjhs.1238445 · Cited by 2
Daytime dads and do‐it‐all dads: Understanding lead‐dad families
Hagaman, N. (2023) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.13164 · Cited by 3
Social Support and Parental Stress Among First-time Mother
Hutagaol, M. W., & Rahayu, M. N. M. (2023) · Proceedings of International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche) · doi:10.58959/icpsyche.v4i1.37 · Cited by 2
Equity and Gender Roles in Marriage
Wetzel, G. M., & Sanchez, D. T. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197655504.003.0006 · Cited by 2
Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/10690727241235164 · Cited by 2
Recommendation Systems, Parents, and Preschool Children: The Story Behind Digital Technology
Mihelač, L. (2024) · Revija za elementarno izobraževanje · doi:10.18690/rei.3488 · Cited by 3
Eskandari, L., Hooman, F., Asgari, P., & Alizadeh, M. (2024) · Educational research in medical sciences · doi:10.5812/ermsj-149142 · Cited by 2
Baffi, A., Crispiatico, V., Aiello, E. N., Curti, B., Luca, G. D., Poletti, B., Buratti, M. A., & Montali, L. (2025) · Dysphagia · doi:10.1007/s00455-025-10816-4 · Cited by 2
Doing gender and the surname choices of married women
Torche, F., Feldman, A., & McDaniel, T. W. (2025) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101060 · Cited by 2
Zhao, S. (2017) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0519-2 · Cited by 2
Potential versus Reality: The Importance of Resources in Challenging Gendered Family Practices
Dermott, E. (2019) · Sociologica · doi:10.6092/issn.1971-8853/9084 · Cited by 2
Fathers and Their Very Young Children: Future Directions
Bradley, R. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_41 · Cited by 2
Unethical Supply Chains Delaying Recovery: Analyzing Pre and Mid COVID-19 Conditions
López-Fernández, A. M., & Sánchez-Rosales, A. (2022) · Palgrave studies in democracy, innovation, and entrepreneurship for growth · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91532-2_11 · Cited by 2
PERSEPSI AYAH TERHADAP PERAN DALAM PENGASUHAN ANAK USIA DINI
Sari, M., Nur, M., Sari, N. W., Rini, R. Y., & Risna, I. (2023) · Prima Magistra Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan · doi:10.37478/jpm.v4i3.3010 · Cited by 2
Vidaña, D. M. (2021) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 2
Hillier, K. M. (2020) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) · Cited by 2
Okelo, K., Onyango, S., Murdock, D. E., Cordingley, K., Munsongo, K., Nyamor, G., & Kitsao-Wekulo, P. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-993436/v1 · Cited by 2
Essays in Applied Microeconomics
Doan, N. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16870629 · Cited by 2
More Time with the Family? Workplace Flexibility Policies and Fathers’ Time with ChildrenPreprint
Wray, D. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/t572s · Cited by 2
Editorial on the Special Issue “Changes in Educational Homogamy and Its Consequences”
Blossfeld, P. N., Scherer, S., & Uunk, W. J. G. (2024) · Comparative Population Studies · doi:10.12765/cpos-2024-17 · Cited by 3
Students’ Voice on Parental Support for Music Activities in Beijing and Hong Kong
Kong, S.-H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9032-8_4 · Cited by 1
Shoabjareh, A. H., & Ghasri, M. (2024) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2024.101934 · Cited by 1
Li, L., & Li, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1454537 · Cited by 1
Chen, N., & Kim, C. G. (2025) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2025.00115 · Cited by 1
Ni, X., & Klammer, U. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05160-9 · Cited by 1
Fan, W., & Qian, Y. (2025) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-12159081 · Cited by 1
Li, Y. (2026) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2026.54.8 · Cited by 1
The relationship between fathers’ involvement in infant care and infant attachment levels
Akça, K., & Tuncay, S. (2026) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-026-04281-7 · Cited by 1
Cui, S., Lu, Z., & Wang, S. (2026) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-026-03815-x · Cited by 1
(De)gendering employment and family practices through grandparental childcare in Australia
Timonen, V., Hamilton, M., Williams, A., & Craig, L. (2026) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2026.2631440 · Cited by 1
Lee, H. J. (2026) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2026.103347 · Cited by 1
Shih, Y.-P., Lin, W., & Yi, C.-C. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520180000013006 · Cited by 1
A Stalled Revolution and the Gender-Egalitarian Policy Agenda
Schouten, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Lee, Y.-J. (2021) · 한국가정관리학회지 · doi:10.7466/jfbl.2021.39.1.45 · Cited by 1
Favez, N., Max, A., Bader, M., & Tissot, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752805 · Cited by 1
Serrano, M. M., & Mínguez, A. M. (2022) · Revista Española de Sociología · doi:10.22325/fes/res.2022.99 · Cited by 1
The No-Time Bind: Examining the Experience of Faculty Mothers During the COVID-19 Lockdown
Parks, K. A. (2022) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2022.2055893 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Parenthood on Grant Application in China: The Case of an Early Career Grant
Ma, Y., & Xu, X. (2022) · Higher Education Policy · doi:10.1057/s41307-022-00281-1 · Cited by 1
Coparentalidade aos 24 meses da criança: um estudo qualitativo
Schmidt, B., Schneider, M., Lopes, R. D. C. S., & Piccinini, C. A. (2022) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.8661 · Cited by 1
Gender disparity: family health benefits from higher education
Long, Y., Jia, C., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-01977-3 · Cited by 1
Women’s Contingent Work and Allocation of Domestic Labor in South Korea
Kim, J. (2023) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-023-09925-9 · Cited by 1
Platt, J., Bates, L. M., Jager, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Keyes, K. M. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae055 · Cited by 1
“Leave a Bowl of Fruit on the Kitchen Table”
Koch, S. L. (2015) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496515589853 · Cited by 1
Sharing in Caring: Equations Between the Father and Mother
Sriram, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1715-6_15 · Cited by 1
Changes in gendered social position and the depression gap over time in the United States
Platt, J. M. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-aq41-5094 · Cited by 3
Tamim, T. (2021) · World sustainability series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69284-1_23 · Cited by 1
Developments in Implicit Measurements
Ziepert, B., de Vries, P. W., Ufkes, E. G., Toet, A., Anne-Marie, B., Barski, J. J., Spink, A., Riedel, G., & Roy, R. N. (2022) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88974-342-1 · Cited by 1
Marriage and the Dual-Career Family
Raley, S. B. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.32176-6 · Cited by 1
Self-citationKelland, J. (2019) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/677 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Coparenting Support on Fathers’ Involvement with their Children with Autism
Bloom, J. L. (2019) · Cited by 1
After Great Recession, More Married Fathers Providing Child Care
Smith, K. (2015) · doi:10.34051/p/2020.226 · Cited by 1
Gender Differences in Time in Child Care During UnemploymentPreprint
Gough, M. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/6nr9m · Cited by 1
Diter, K. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1cbf94ffzffa6z4c5bz8f07z0df6979937fc · Cited by 1
Anatomies of Kinship: Diversity in the Formal Structures of American Families
Gauthier, G. R. (2014) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 1
Gasser, M. (2015) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2015.1082333
Paternal involvement in child rearing activities of pre-school children
Kartik, S., & Gir, S. (2015) · ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE · doi:10.15740/has/arjss/6.2/137-140
Gracia, P., & Ghysels, J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2817144
Crane, C. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2605 · Cited by 1
Women’s Experience of Working Shiftwork in Nursing: A Phenomenological Study
Matheson, A. (2017) · Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)
Field, A. P., Lester, K. J., Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Harold, G. T., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Ganiban, J. M., Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., & Leve, L. D. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4z38c
Researching Families’ Childcare Decisions
Kovács, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78661-2_2
Mothers’ employment and its consequences for investment in children
Michoń, P. (2018) · Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego eBooks · doi:10.18778/8142-108-9.08
Offer, S. (2018) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0152
Producing Coherent Narratives from Family Diaries and Memoirs
Bainbridge, W. S. (2018) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01063-8_4
Vadgama, D. (2017) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)
Finnish children’s descriptions of lesbian and heterosexual parents
Martelin, H., Li, X., & Antfolk, J. (2019) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2019.1604253
A Neutral Case for Autonomy Promotion
Schouten, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0006
The Political Case for Gender Egalitarianism
Schouten, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0007
Schouten, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0003
Citizenship and Gender Hierarchies in Political Liberalism
Schouten, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0005
The Family and the Basic Structure
Schouten, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0004
Metadata
- Authors
- Raley, S., Bianchi, S. M., & Wang, W.
- Affiliations
- McDaniel College (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Pew Research Center (US)
- ORCID
- Wang, Wendy
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1422-1459
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- PMC
- PMC4568757
- OpenAlex
- W1672615387
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 40.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Sociology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Keywords
- father involvement in childcare, maternal employment, household earnings, gender division of labor, time diary data, child care, married couples
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review