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ESTIMATING THE STAR FORMATION RATE AT 1 kpc SCALES IN NEARBY GALAXIES
Open accessAbstract
Using combinations of Hα, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) emission, we estimate the star formation rate (SFR) surface density, Σ SFR , at 1 kpc resolution for 30 disk galaxies that are targets of the IRAM HERACLES CO survey. We present a new physically motivated IR spectral-energy-distribution-based approach to account for possible contributions to 24 μm emission not associated with recent star formation. Considering a variety of "reference" SFRs from the literature, we revisit the calibration of the 24 μm term in hybrid (UV+IR or Hα+IR) tracers. We show that the overall calibration of this term remains uncertain at the factor of two level because of the lack of wide-field, robust reference SFR estimates. Within this uncertainty, published calibrations represent a reasonable starting point for 1 kpc-wide areas of star-forming disk galaxies, but we re-derive and refine the calibration of the IR term in these tracers to match our resolution and approach to 24 μm emission. We compare a large suite of Σ SFR estimates and find that above Σ SFR ∼ 10 −3 M ☉ yr −1 kpc −2 the systematic differences among tracers are less than a factor of two across two orders of magnitude dynamic range. We caution that methodology and data both become serious issues below this level. We note from simple model considerations that when focusing on a part of a galaxy dominated by a single stellar population, the intrinsic uncertainty in Hα- and FUV-based SFRs is ∼0.3 and ∼0.5 dex.
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“In nearby spirals, analyses of the radial energy budget find that a significant fraction of the 24 µ m flux, particularly in bulges and inner disks, arises from dust heated by older stars rather than embedded HII regions (e.g., Boquien et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
From The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Southern Treasury (PHAST). II. The Spatially Resolved Recent Star Formation History in M31 (2026) · cites this paper as Leroy et al. 2012
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Cites
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305772 · Cited by 15,126 · cited 2×
“We correct the maps for the effect of Galactic extinction following Schlegel et al. (1998).”
MethodAstrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei
Osterbrock, D., & Ferland, G. (1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-6270 · Cited by 6,966 · cited 1×
“We also use UV and Hα, corrected for extinction based on astrophysical expectations, e.g., by the “Balmer decrement” or IRX-β approach (Storey & Hummer 1995; Osterbrock & Ferland 2006; Kennicutt 1998; Cortese et al. 2008).”
MethodThe Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey
Dame, T., Hartmann, D., & Thaddeus, P. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/318388 · Cited by 1,774 · cited 1×
“This value is intermediate among recent determinations of the Milky Way αCO (e.g., Strong & Mattox 1996; Dame et al. 2001; Heyer et al. 2009; Abdo et al. 2010) and represents a commonly adopted ”best single value” for work on nearby disk galaxies (e.g., Wong & Blitz 2002; Leroy et al. 2008).”
ResultAstrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae
Osterbrock, D., & Gull, T. (1976) · doi:10.1063/1.3023426 · Cited by 1,727 · cited 5×
“…Moustakas et al. (2010), supplement these with extinctions estimated from the gas column following Wong & Blitz (2002, their “hybrid” model) and extinctions inferred from comparing thermal radio continuum flux estimates from Niklas et al. (1995, 1997) to our Hα maps (following Wong & Blitz 2002).”
MethodInfluentialMeurer, G., Heckman, T., & Calzetti, D. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307523 · Cited by 924 · cited 1×
“Adding UV and IR emission has an established pedigree (Buat 1992; Meurer et al. 1995, 1999; Cortese et al. 2008), while the combination of Hα and IR has been explored more recently (Calzetti et al. 2007; Kennicutt et al. 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundDust Masses, PAH Abundances, and Starlight Intensities in the SINGS Galaxy Sample
Draine, B., Dale, D., Bendo, G. J., Gordon, K., Smith, J. D., Armus, L., Engelbracht, C., Helou, G., Kennicutt, R., Li, A., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/518306 · Cited by 820 · cited 4×
“To calculate χ2 we use uncertainties estimated from the scatter in the convolved maps away from the galaxy or 10% of the observed intensity, whichever is higher (this approach follows Draine et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Calibration of Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators
Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R., Engelbracht, C., Leitherer, C., Draine, B., Kewley, L., Moustakas, J., Sosey, M., Dale, D., Gordon, K., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/520082 · Cited by 758 · cited 35×
“Assuming the Paα to trace the true SFR, Calzetti et al. (2007) found: ΣSFR [ M⊙ yr −1 kpc−2 ] = 634 IHα [ erg s−1 sr−1 ] +(10) 13 AHα refers to the extinction (in magnitudes) of Hα emission by dust.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDUST-CORRECTED STAR FORMATION RATES OF GALAXIES. I. COMBINATIONS OF Hα AND INFRARED TRACERS
Kennicutt, R. C., Hao, C.-N., Calzetti, D., Moustakas, J., Dale, D. A., Bendo, G., Engelbracht, C. W., Johnson, B. D., & Lee, J. C. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/2/1672 · Cited by 604 · cited 15×
“Note that the Calzetti et al. (2010) results are partially anchored to the Kennicutt et al. (2009) results, which we consider somewhat uncertain for these targets.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMOLECULAR GAS AND STAR FORMATION IN NEARBY DISK GALAXIES
Leroy, A., Walter, F., Sandstrom, K., Schruba, A., Muńoz-Mateos, J., Bigiel, F., Bolatto, A., Brinks, E., de Blok, W. D., Meidt, S., et al. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/2/19 · Cited by 492
Self-citationRE-EXAMINING LARSON'S SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN GALACTIC MOLECULAR CLOUDS
Heyer, M., Krawczyk, C., Duval, J., & Jackson, J. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/2/1092 · Cited by 460 · cited 1×
“This value is intermediate among recent determinations of the Milky Way αCO (e.g., Strong & Mattox 1996; Dame et al. 2001; Heyer et al. 2009; Abdo et al. 2010) and represents a commonly adopted ”best single value” for work on nearby disk galaxies (e.g., Wong & Blitz 2002; Leroy et al. 2008).”
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Items 101–200 of 202
Thilker, D. A., Lee, J. C., Deger, S., Barnes, A. T., Bigiel, F., Boquien, M., Cao, Y., Chevance, M., Dale, D. A., Egorov, O. V., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acaeac · Cited by 33
“This outcome is what we anticipated based on previous work for nearby galaxies (Liu et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012; Crocker et al. 2013; Calzetti 2013; Boquien et al. 2016; Kumari et al. 2020; Belfiore et al. in prep.).”
ResultSelf-citationHERSCHEL SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF LITTLE THINGS DWARF GALAXIES
Cigan, P., Young, L. M., Cormier, D., Lebouteiller, V., Madden, S. C., Hunter, D. A., Brinks, E., Elmegreen, B. G., Schruba, A., Heesen, V., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/1/14 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMurphy, E. J., Dong, D., Momjian, E., Linden, S., Kennicutt, R. C., Meier, D. S., Schinnerer, E., & Turner, J. L. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa99d7 · Cited by 32
“Ancillary Data The Hα imaging used in the analysis is taken from references cited in the compilation by Leroy et al. (2012), where details about the data quality and preparation (e.g., correction for [NII] emission) can be found.”
MethodSelf-citationTHE MOLECULAR GAS DENSITY IN GALAXY CENTERS AND HOW IT CONNECTS TO BULGES
Fisher, D., Bolatto, A., Drory, N., Combes, F., Blitz, L., & Wong, T. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/174 · Cited by 26
“The method of combining UV and IR data has been used by many authors (for a detailed discussion see Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationTHE SURVEY OF LINES IN M31 (SLIM): INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF [C ii] EMISSION
Kapala, M., Sandstrom, K., Groves, B., Croxall, K., Kreckel, K., Dalcanton, J., Leroy, A., Schinnerer, E., Walter, F., & Fouesneau, M. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/798/1/24 · Cited by 30
“At the physical resolution we reached in this work, we begin to resolve out the H ii regions and diffuse gas, such that any SFR calibration based on linear combination of star-forming tracers no longer strictly holds (Leroy et al. 2012; Simones et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLeroy, A., Bolatto, A., Sandstrom, K., Rosolowsky, E., Barnes, A., Bigiel, F., Boquien, M., den Brok, J. D., Cao, Y., Chastenet, J., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acab01 · Cited by 21
“…dominated by UV radiation from young stars, although older stellar populations contribute in a proportion that depends on the environment (e.g., Liu et al. 2011; Bendo et al. 2012a; Leroy et al. 2012; Crocker et al. 2013) and may be sometimes dominant (e.g., Groves et al. 2012; Viaene et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBelfiore, F., Leroy, A. K., Williams, T. G., Barnes, A. T., Bigiel, F., Boquien, M., Cao, Y., Chastenet, J., Congiu, E., Dale, D. A., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347175 · Cited by 30
Self-citationTHE HEATING OF MID-INFRARED DUST IN THE NEARBY GALAXY M33: A TESTBED FOR TRACING GALAXY EVOLUTION
Calapa, M. D., Calzetti, D., Draine, B. T., Boquien, M., Kramer, C., Xilouris, E. M., Verley, S., Braine, J., Relaño, M., van der Werf, P., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/784/2/130 · Cited by 30
“If the average among galaxies of the diffuse L(24) is in the range 20 - 40% (Calzetti et al. 2007; Kennicutt et al. 2009; Leroy et al. 2012), the average diffuse L(8) is in the range 30 - 60%, in rough agreement with the results of Crocker et al. (2013) for NGC 628.”
ResultHuang, M.-L., & Kauffmann, G. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv709 · Cited by 20
“After we remove this cirrus emission from the 24 µm emission, we then adopt the updated calibration coefficient in Leroy et al. (2012) to calculate the SFRs from the linear combination of the FUV and 24 µm luminosities.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTHE MOLECULAR CLOUDS FUELING A 1/5 SOLAR METALLICITY STARBURST
Kepley, A. A., Leroy, A. K., Johnson, K. E., Sandstrom, K. M., & Chen, C. ‐. R. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/828/1/50 · Cited by 29
“…rate is roughly constant with time over kpc-sized regions or we would not see the observed 3 We use the extragalactic definition for the molecular star formation efficiency: SFE=SFR/MH2 . level of agreement between different star formation rate tracers (Murphy et al. 2011, 2012; Leroy et al. 2012).”
MethodSelf-citationMok, A., Wilson, C. D., Knapen, J., Sánchez-Gallego, J., Brinks, E., & Rosolowsky, E. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx345 · Cited by 17
“This is consistent with the near constant molecular gas depletion times found in other surveys for normal spiral galaxies (Bigiel et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
ResultSelf-citationAbdullah, A., Brandl, B. R., Groves, B. A., Wolfire, M. G., Calzetti, D., Croxall, K. V., Looze, I. D., Kennicutt, R. C., Sandstrom, K. M., Armus, L., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6fa9 · Cited by 29
“We do not consider the contribution from an older stellar population to the 24 μm flux (Leroy et al. 2012) to be significantbecause of our selection bias toward regions thatare dominated by ongoing star formation.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe survey of lines in M31 (SLIM): Investigating the origins of [C II] emission
Kapala, M., Sandstrom, K. M., Groves, B. A., Croxall, K. V., Kreckel, K., Dalcanton, J. J., Leroy, A. K., Schinnerer, E., Walter, F., & Fouesneau, M. (2015) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 29
Self-citationMaeda, F., Ohta, K., Fujimoto, Y., Habe, A., & Ushio, K. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1296 · Cited by 28
“However, such contamination appears to be only 3 percent of the total SFR where ΣSFR > 10−3 M yr−1 kpc−2 (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhen and How Ram Pressure Stripping in Low-mass Satellite Galaxies Enhances Star Formation
Zhu, J.-Y., Tonnesen, S., & Bryan, G. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfe6f · Cited by 17
“We selected the 100 Myr timescale in Figure 4 in order to match the typical timescales in UV observations of star formation ( e.g., Kennicutt & Evans 2012; Leroy et al. 2012 ) .”
BackgroundMethodKepley, A., Reines, A., Johnson, K., & Walker, L. M. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/43 · Cited by 26
“Finally, we note that while the star formation rates calculated above are internally self-consistent, different star formation rate calibrations give star formation rates that vary by a factor of 2 (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundTESTING DENSITY WAVE THEORY WITH RESOLVED STELLAR POPULATIONS AROUND SPIRAL ARMS IN M81
Choi, Y., Dalcanton, J. J., Williams, B. F., Weisz, D. R., Skillman, E. D., Fouesneau, M., & Dolphin, A. E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/9 · Cited by 27
“In addition, 24 µm emission may also be contaminated by the underlying older stellar populations, which are not associated with the recent SF activity (e.g., Murphy et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundA Radio Continuum Study of Dwarf Galaxies: 6 cm Imaging of LITTLE THINGS
Hindson, L., Kitchener, G., Brinks, E., Heesen, V., Westcott, J., Hunter, D., Zhang, H.-X., Rupen, M., & Rau, U. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaa42c · Cited by 27
“To correct for internal extinction, Bigiel et al. (2008) and Leroy et al. (2012) use Spitzer 24µm dust emission to empirically correct GALEX FUV fluxes for the fraction of dustobscured SF on the assumption that a proportion of energy absorbed by internal dust is reradiated at 24µm (this is based on…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationLi, Y., Crocker, A., Calzetti, D., Wilson, C. D., Kennicutt, R. C., Murphy, E. J., Brandl, B. R., Draine, B. T., Galametz, M., Johnson, B. D., et al. (2013) · Cited by 27
Self-citationLi, Y.-M., Crocker, A., Calzetti, D., Wilson, C., Kennicutt, R., Murphy, E., Brandl, B., Draine, B., Galametz, M., Johnson, B., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/768/2/180 · Cited by 23
“A lack of a robust, wide field, reference SFR renders the absolute calibration and universality of the 24 μm term in hybrid tracers like Hα+24 μm and FUV+24 μm uncertain, even for the wellstudied SINGS sample (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRadio polarization and magnetic field structure in M 101
Berkhuijsen, E. M., Urbaník, M., Beck, R., & Han, J. L. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527322 · Cited by 26
The Metallicity Dependence of the H i Shielding Layers in Nearby Galaxies
Schruba, A., Bialy, S., & Sternberg, A. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac6c5 · Cited by 18
Self-citationThe metallicity dependence of the H i shielding layers in nearby galaxies
Schruba, A., Bialy, S., & Sternberg, A. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe role of molecular gas in galaxy transition in compact groups
Lisenfeld, U., Alatalo, K., Zucker, C., Appleton, P., Gallagher, S., Guillard, P., & Johnson, K. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730898 · Cited by 12
“Any SFR indicator is less reliable for these low values (Leroy et al. 2012) and, in particular, the mid-IR dust emission because of the contribution of A110, page 6 of 14 asymptotic giant branch stars to the mid-IR (Kaviraj et al. 2007).”
BackgroundAn uncertainty principle for star formation – IV. On the nature and filtering of diffuse emission
Hygate, A. P. S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Chevance, M., Schruba, A., Haydon, D. T., & Longmore, S. N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1779 · Cited by 25
“…account of the presence of diffuse emission is important for comparisons between integrated galaxy-scale measurements and small scale measurements of star formation rate and for properly interpreting the source of observed ionising radiation (see e.g Blanc et al. 2009 and Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTarantino, E., Bolatto, A. D., Herrera-Camus, R., Harris, A. I., Wolfire, M., Buchbender, C., Croxall, K. V., Dale, D. A., Groves, B. A., Levy, R. C., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfcc6 · Cited by 25
Self-citationMurphy, E. J., Dong, D., Momjian, E., Linden, S. T., Kennicutt, R. C., Meier, D. S., Schinnerer, E., & Turner, J. L. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · doi:10.17863/cam.18608 · Cited by 23
Self-citationCOSMIC REIONIZATION ON COMPUTERS: NUMERICAL AND PHYSICAL CONVERGENCE
Gnedin, N. Y. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/821/1/50 · Cited by 23
The magnetized disk-halo transition region of M 51
Kierdorf, M., Mao, S. A., Beck, R., Basu, A., Fletcher, A., Horellou, C., Tabatabaei, F. S., Ott, J., & Haverkorn, M. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037847 · Cited by 23
Kouroumpatzakis, K., Zezas, A., Kyritsis, E., Salim, S., & Svoboda, J. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346054 · Cited by 22
Elmegreen, B. G., Kaufman, M., Bournaud, F., Elmegreen, D. M., Struck, C., Brinks, E., & Juneau, S. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/823/1/26 · Cited by 22
“The absolute calibration of the 24 µm term in the SFR leads to an uncertainty of about 25% in the absolute determination of the SFR (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHigh-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling
Nersesian, A., Viaene, S., Looze, I. D., Baes, M., Xilouris, E. M., Smith, M. W. L., Bianchi, S., Casasola, V., Cassara, L. P., Clark, C. J. R., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038939 · Cited by 22
Star formation and gas accretion in nearby galaxies
Yim, K., & van der Hulst, J. M. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2118 · Cited by 21
“When we use the HERACLES CO (J = 2 → 1) data for H2 , we adopt a conversion factor of 0.7 (Leroy et al. 2012) for the line ratio CO(2–1)/CO(1–0).”
MethodInfluentialMolecular gas and star formation in the Tidal Dwarf Galaxy VCC 2062
Lisenfeld, U., Braine, J., Duc, P., Boquien, M., Brinks, E., Bournaud, F., Lelli, F., & Charmandaris, V. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527887 · Cited by 12
“(e) We did not detect any significant emission at 24 µm in the SW region. bration of the SFR tracers which can be up to a factor of 2 (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEstimating sizes of faint, distant galaxies in the submillimetre regime
Lindroos, L., Knudsen, K. K., Fan, L., Conway, J. E., Coppin, K. E. K., Decarli, R., Drouart, G., Hodge, J., Karim, A., Simpson, J. M., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1628 · Cited by 21
“In contrast, the submm emission observed by ALMA at 344 GHz will primarily trace star formation surface density (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundKouroumpatzakis, K., Zezas, A., Maragkoudakis, A., Willner, S. P., Bonfini, P., Ashby, M. L. N., Sell, P. H., & Jarrett, T. H. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1917 · Cited by 20
Williams, T. G., Sun, J., Barnes, A. T., Schinnerer, E., Henshaw, J. D., Meidt, S. E., Querejeta, M., Watkins, E. J., Bigiel, F., Blanc, G. A., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca674 · Cited by 20
“Hα emission traces star formation over timescales of <10Myr (e.g., Moustakas et al. 2006; Kennicutt & Evans 2012; Leroy et al. 2012; Boquien et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDecarli, R., Smail, I. R., Walter, F., Swinbank, A. M., Chapman, S., Coppin, K. E. K., Cox, P., Dannerbauer, H., Greve, T. R., Hodge, J. A., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/780/2/115 · Cited by 20
“2011; Leroy et al. 2012; Murphy et al. 2012).”
Self-citationExtended Schmidt law holds for faint dwarf irregular galaxies
Roychowdhury, S., Chengalur, J. N., & Shi, Y. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731083 · Cited by 20
“…for FUV and 24 µm fluxes (when applicable), 10% flux calibration error for GALEX FUV data, 5% flux calibration error for Spitzer 24 µm data, and 50% error to account for the uncertainty in the SFR calibration caused by variations in the IMF and star formation history (Leroy et al. 2012, 2013).”
MethodStar formation and dust heating in the FIR bright sources of M83
Foyle, K., Natale, G., Wilson, C., Popescu, C., Baes, M., Bendo, G. J., Boquien, M., Boselli, A., Cooray, A., Cormier, D., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt618 · Cited by 15
“See e.g. Leroy et al. (2012)for a discussion on the nature of the diffuse MIR emission. from more evolved stellar populations.”
BackgroundInfluentialVargas, C., Mora-Partiarroyo, S., Schmidt, P., Rand, R., Stein, Y., Walterbos, R., Wang, Q. D., Basu, A., Patterson, M., Kepley, A., et al. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 19
Watson, L. C., Martini, P., Lisenfeld, U., Böker, T., & Schinnerer, E. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2412 · Cited by 18
“We chose to include the diffuse Hα emission in our apertures, which is common in extragalactic star formation studies (e.g., Leroy et al. 2012; but see also, e.g., Blanc et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCalibrating Star Formation Rate Prescriptions at Different Scales (10 pc–1 kpc) in M31
Tomičić, N., Ho, I.-T., Kreckel, K., Schinnerer, E., Leroy, A. K., Groves, B. A., Sandstrom, K. M., Blanc, G. A., Jarrett, T. H., Thilker, D. A., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab03ce · Cited by 17
Self-citationTarantino, E., Bolatto, A. D., Herrera-Camus, R., Harris, A. I., Wolfire, M. G., Buchbender, C., Croxall, K. V., Dale, D. A., Groves, B. A., Levy, R. C., et al. (2021) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 17
Self-citationLewis, A. R., Simones, J. E., Johnson, B. D., Dalcanton, J. J., Skillman, E. D., Weisz, D. R., Dolphin, A. E., Williams, B. F., Bell, E. F., Fouesneau, M., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/70 · Cited by 16
“The flattening in mSFRflux,24 m occurs at SFRCMD<∼10 −6, which corresponds approximately to the limit at which the flux calibrations are no longer reliable, especially on these spatial scales (e.g., Murphy et al. 2011; Kennicutt & Evans 2012; Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCold H i in faint dwarf galaxies
Patra, N. N., Chengalur, J. N., Karachentsev, I. D., Kaisin, S. S., & Begum, A. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2789 · Cited by 16
“An additional error of ∼ 50% in star formation rate is expected due the variation in IMF and star formation history (Leroy et al. 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundThermal Pressure in the Cold Neutral Medium of Nearby Galaxies
Herrera-Camus, R., Bolatto, A. D., Wolfire, M. G., Ostriker, E. C., Draine, B. T., Leroy, A. K., Sandstrom, K. M., Hunt, L. K., Kennicutt, R. C., Calzetti, D., et al. (2017) · Max Planck Digital Library · doi:10.17863/cam.8411 · Cited by 16
Self-citationA Comparative Study of Mid-infrared Star Formation Rate Tracers and Their Metallicity Dependence
Whitcomb, C. M., Sandstrom, K., Murphy, E. J., & Linden, S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef6 · Cited by 15
Self-citationStar-forming Environments throughout the M101 Group
Watkins, A. E., Mihos, J. C., & Harding, P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8fcd · Cited by 15
“…extinction (in fact, FHα/FFUV correlates extremely well with extinction, to the point that it can itself be used as an extinction estimator; Cortese et al. 2006; Koyama et al. 2015), FHα/FFUV decreases rapidly with age (e.g. Leroy et al. 2012) as the high-mass stars traced by Hα emission die off.”
BackgroundExtended Schmidt law holds for faint dwarf irregular galaxies
Roychowdhury, S., Chengalur, J. N., & Shi, Y. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731083/pdf · Cited by 15
CO(2–1)/CO(1–0) Line Ratio on a ∼100 Parsec Scale in the Nearby Barred Galaxy NGC 1300
Maeda, F., Egusa, F., Ohta, K., Fujimoto, Y., Habe, A., & Asada, Y. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4505 · Cited by 14
“The dust extinction was assumed to be AV = 1.0 mag, which is a typical value for integrated galaxy discs obtained by Leroy et al. (2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPathak, D., Leroy, A. K., Thompson, T. A., Lopez, L. A., Barnes, A. T., Dale, D. A., Blackstone, I., Glover, S. C. O., Menon, S. H., Sutter, J., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb484 · Cited by 14
“Such scatter is present in the SFR tracer literature ( e.g., see plots of A H α versus L H α / L 24 μ m with large scatter in A. K. Leroy et al. 2012; S. Kessler et al. 2020 ) but often obscured by the use of luminosity – luminosity plots.”
Self-citationWhat produces the extended LINER-type emission in the NUGA galaxy NGC 5850?
Bremer, M., Scharwächter, J., Eckart, A., Valencia-S., M., Dierkes, J., Combes, F., García‐Burillo, S., & Fischer, S. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322009 · Cited by 14
“In Table 2, we list the star-formation rates (SFR) as derived from the Hα luminosity according to Kennicutt (1998) and Calzetti (2012) (see also Leroy et al. 2012) for the east and the central SF-region within a 3 × 3 pixels aperture.”
MethodPhase transition between atomic and molecular hydrogen in nearby spiral galaxies
Tanaka, A., Nakanishi, H., Kuno, N., & Hirota, A. (2014) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psu039 · Cited by 14
Kumari, N., Irwin, M. J., & James, B. L. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732467 · Cited by 14
“As discussed in various studies (Lonsdale Persson & Helou 1987; Leroy et al. 2012; Crocker et al. 2013; Johnson et al. 2013; Boquien et al. 2014, 2016), the observed stellar flux and the dust-emission in a star-forming region not only contains the contribution from the young stars and the related…”
BackgroundViCTORIA project: The LOFAR view of environmental effects in Virgo cluster star-forming galaxies
Edler, H. W., Roberts, I. D., Boselli, A., de Gasperin, F., Heesen, V., Brüggen, M., Ignesti, A., & Gajović, L. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348301 · Cited by 13
TIMESCALES ON WHICH STAR FORMATION AFFECTS THE NEUTRAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
Stilp, A. M., Dalcanton, J. J., Warren, S. R., Weisz, D. R., Skillman, E. D., Ott, J., Williams, B. F., & Dolphin, A. E. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/772/2/124 · Cited by 13
“Common tracers of the SF rate (SFR) are either Hα or far ultraviolet (FUV) emission, occasionally with the inclusion of far-infrared (FIR) fluxes to provide an estimate of dust-obscured SF (e.g., Leroy et al. 2008, 2012; Kennicutt & Evans 2012).”
BackgroundEMERGENCE OF THE KENNICUTT–SCHMIDT RELATION FROM THE SMALL-SCALE SFR–DENSITY RELATION
Gnedin, N., Tasker, E., & Fujimoto, Y. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/787/1/l7 · Cited by 12
Ward, J. L., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Chevance, M., Kim, J., & Longmore, S. N. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2467 · Cited by 13
Nearby galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey
Heesen, V., Schulz, S., Brüggen, M., Edler, H. W., Stein, M., Paladino, R., Boselli, A., Ignesti, A., Fossati, M., & Dettmar, R. ‐. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347394 · Cited by 12
Calzetti, D., Adamo, A., Linden, S. T., Gregg, B., Krumholz, M. R., Bajaj, V., Bik, A., Cignoni, M., Correnti, M., Elmegreen, B. G., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad53c0 · Cited by 12
Koepferl, C. M., Robitaille, T. P., & Dale, J. E. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/849/1/2 · Cited by 12
“However, there exist a vast variety of similar techniques & calibrations (c. f. Pannella et al. 2015; Leroy et al. 2013, 2012, 2008; Wuyts et al. 2011). ers, which have been summarized in the review of Kennicutt & Evans (2012) and are commonly used in the community (e. g. Barnes et al. in…”
BackgroundMethodPhotoionization analysis of chemodynamical dwarf galaxies simulations
Melekh, B. Y., Recchi, S., Hensler, G., & Buhajenko, O. S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv569 · Cited by 11
“Notice also that Leroy et al. (2012) report of 1 kpc-scale variations a d uncertainties of observed SFR indicators that are inherently .g. caused by age effects and by intrinsic scatters of the indicators.”
BackgroundInfluentialSimones, J. E., Weisz, D. R., Skillman, E. D., Bell, E. F., Bianchi, L., Dalcanton, J. J., Dolphin, A. E., Johnson, B. D., & Williams, B. F. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/788/1/12 · Cited by 14
“In the extreme case of an SSP, Leroy et al. (2012) found that FUV-based SFR estimates are intrinsically scattered by a factor of ∼ 3 to 4 (σ ≈ 0.5 to 0.6 in log space) due to uncertainty about the age of the SSP within a 100 Myr timescale.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDiffusion of cosmic-ray electrons in M 51 observed with LOFAR at 54 MHz
Heesen, V., de Gasperin, F., Schulz, S., Basu, A., Beck, R., Brüggen, M., Dettmar, R. ‐., Stein, M., Gajović, L., Tabatabaei, F. S., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245223 · Cited by 10
The Dense Gas Mass Fraction and the Relationship to Star Formation in M51
Heyer, M. H., Gregg, B., Calzetti, D., Elmegreen, B. G., Kennicutt, R. C., Adamo, A., Evans, A. S., Grasha, K., Lowenthal, J. D., Narayanan, G., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac67ea · Cited by 10
“Data with log(ΣSFR) less than −9.5 are excluded as the conversion to the star formation rate for these faint FUV and 24 μm luminosities is less reliable (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialMaeda, F., Ohta, K., Egusa, F., Fujimoto, Y., Kobayashi, M. I. N., Inoue, S., & Habe, A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb41e · Cited by 9
Wang, J., 林, X. 旭. L., Staveley‐Smith, L., Yang, D., Walter, F., 梁, Z. 泽. L., Shi, Y., 富, J. 坚. F., Guo, H., Ho, L. C., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6763 · Cited by 9
Self-citationLewis, A., Simones, J., Johnson, B. D., Dalcanton, J., Skillman, E., Weisz, D., Dolphin, A., Williams, B., Bell, E., Fouesneau, M., et al. (2017) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 9
Self-citationRecent SFR calibrations and the constant SFR approximation
Cerviño, M., Bongiovanni, A. M., & Hidalgo, S. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528056 · Cited by 8
“This reasoning, although not exact, can be found in most papers of B. Tinsley and A. Buzzoni, who showed that the key points to understand the results obtained by detailed simulations can be obtained using simple, but powerful, reasoning.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialManna, S., & Roy, S. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaf64 · Cited by 8
“We used the following calibration from Leroy et al. (2012) to estimate SFRSDs of the galaxies in Sample 1: [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) M I I yr kpc 634.0 erg s sr 0.0025 MJy sr 3 SFR 1 2 H 1 1 24 m 1 S = + a m - - - - -”
MethodInfluentialGas-dust correlations in nearby galaxies: a case study of NGC 3184 and NGC 7793
Saikia, G., Patra, N. N., Roy, N., & Jog, C. J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3635 · Cited by 7
“Leroy et al. (2012) have tried to estimate the contamination of emission observed at 24 μm, not associated with recent star formation.”
BackgroundMethodThe interstellar medium and star formation in nearby galaxies
Bigiel, F., Cormier, D., & Schmidt, T. (2014) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201412067 · Cited by 7
Self-citationRamambason, L., Chevance, M., Kim, J., Belfiore, F., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Romanelli, A., Amiri, A., Boquien, M., Chown, R., Dale, D. A., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556206 · Cited by 6
Self-citationKumari, N., Irwin, M. J., & James, B. L. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.17863/cam.50045 · Cited by 6
Yadav, J., Das, M., Barway, S., & Combes, F. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2672 · Cited by 6
Shetty, R., Roman-Duval, J. C., Hony, S., Cormier, D., Klessen, R. S., Konstandin, L. K., Loredo, T. J., Pellegrini, E. W., & Ruppert, D. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw930 · Cited by 6
“More recently, resolved observations have also revealed an increasing trend of ΣSFR with Σmol (e.g. Bigiel et al. 2008; Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundALMA Observations of the Molecular Clouds in NGC 625
Imara, N., Looze, I. D., Faesi, C. M., & Cormier, D. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8883 · Cited by 6
“The SFR estimates will therefore be sensitive to the average age of stars in the considered Hii regions (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundThe Magnetized disk-halo transition region of M51
Kierdorf, M. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3253472 · Cited by 6
Recent SFR calibrations and the constant SFR approximation
Cerviño, M., Bongiovanni, A. M., & Hidalgo, S. L. (2016) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528056/pdf · Cited by 6
Active Galactic Nuclei and Star Formation in nearby Galaxies (AGNSTRONG). I. Sample and Strategy
Le, H. A. N., Qin, C., Xue, Y., Zhu, S., Nguyen, K. N. N., Xia, R., & Lin, X. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad4ce9 · Cited by 4
“One of the significant challenges in the study of AGN feedback is the difficulty of estimating SFRs (e.g., Kennicutt et al. 1998, 2009; Leroy et al. 2012; Whitcomb et al. 2023).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Shear on Disk Galaxy Star Formation Rates
Fortune-Bashee, X. L., Sun, J., & Tan, J. C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad91a3 · Cited by 4
“Σ atom was derived from a compilation of literature and new H i 21 cm observations, including THINGS (Walter et al. 2008), VIVA (Chung et al. 2009), VLA–HERACLES (Leroy et al. 2012), and PHANGS–VLA (PI: D. Utomo).”
The Impact of Inclination-dependent Attenuation on Ultraviolet Star Formation Rate Tracers
Doore, K., Eufrasio, R. T., Lehmer, B. D., Monson, E. B., Basu‐Zych, A., & Garofali, K. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac67e8 · Cited by 4
Lambert-Huyghe, A., Madden, S. C., Lebouteiller, V., Galliano, F., Abel, N. P., Hu, D., Ramambason, L., & Polles, F. L. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243353 · Cited by 4
The First Exploration of the Correlations Between WISE 12 μm and CO Emission in Early-type Galaxies
Gao, Y., Wang, E., Tan, Q., Davis, T. A., Liang, F.-H., Jiang, X.-J., Gai, N., Jiao, Q., Shi, D., Feng, S., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9d0f · Cited by 3
Cheng, C., Wang, X., Liang, P., Sun, F., Ibar, E., Brinch, M., Yan, H., Huang, J., Li, J., & Molina, J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ade147 · Cited by 2
Relating spatially resolved optical attenuation, dust, and gas in nearby galaxies
Paspaliaris, E.-D., Bianchi, S., Corbelli, E., & Concas, A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555133 · Cited by 2
Cheng, C., Huang, J., Wei, P., Esamdin, A., Feng, G., Zhang, Z.-X., Yan, H., Du, W., Zuo, P., Li, Z., et al. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adeb53 · Cited by 1
“Deep H α images of galaxies are widely used to trace recent high-mass star formation events occurring within the past 10 Myr (R. C. Kennicutt & N. J. Evans 2012; A. K. Leroy et al. 2012).”
Kim, J., Leroy, A. K., Sandstrom, K. M., Meidt, S. E., Teng, Y.-H., Querejeta, M., Schinnerer, E., Clark, S. E., Chown, R., Glover, S. C. O., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4599 · Cited by 1
“…including contributions from grains in thermal equilibrium and heated by the interstellar radiation field ( B. T. Draine & A. Li 2007; R. C. Kennicutt & N. J. Evans 2012; A. K. Leroy et al. 2012; F. Belfiore et al. 2023b; H. Hassani et al. 2023; A. K. Leroy et al. 2023; D. Pathak et al. 2024 ) .”
Self-citationNearby galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey
Heesen, V., Edler, H. W., Brüggen, M., Stein, M., Bomans, D. J., Paladino, R., Chyży, K. T., Małek, K., Lara-López, M. A., & Tabatabaei, F. S. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659738 · Cited by 1
Discovery of a Large-scale H i Plume in the NGC 7194 Group
Pak, M., Baek, J., Lee, J. H., Chung, A., Owers, M. S., Jeong, H., Sung, E., & Sheen, Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad0ed2 · Cited by 1
“This timescale is much longer than the star formation timescale traced by H α emission which is ∼ 10 Myr (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundThe Scaling of Star Formation: from Molecular Clouds to Galaxies
Calzetti, D. (2014) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314009442 · Cited by 1
Molecular gas and dust in spiral galaxies
Wilson, C. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s174392131300077x · Cited by 1
“For example, the original HERACLES survey of CO J = 2 − 1 emission from 18 galaxies has been extended to cover 48 galaxies (Leroy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundWainer, T. M., Williams, B. F., Chen, Z., Lazzarini, M., Dalcanton, J. J., Bell, E. F., Goold, K., Dolphin, A., Durbin, M. J., Dubón, S. L. F., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae6db9
“In nearby spirals, analyses of the radial energy budget find that a significant fraction of the 24 µ m flux, particularly in bulges and inner disks, arises from dust heated by older stars rather than embedded H II regions (e.g., Boquien et al. 2011; Leroy et al. 2012).”
Evolution of the Radial Abundance Gradient and Cold Gas of the Galactic Disk
Qi-shi, C., Chang, R., & Jun, Y. (2014) · Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.chinastron.2014.10.007
Investigating H II Regions in the Disk of NGC 7331 with the Circumgalactic H α Spectrograph
Kerkeser, N. I., Melso, N. D., Schiminovich, D., Hamden, E., Sitaram, M., & Cevallos-Aleman, I. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2a34
“H ii region flux estimates were derived using the corrected SINGS NGC 7331 H α map published in Leroy et al. (2012).”
The Dust-heating Sphere of Influence of H ii Regions in M33
Liu, S., Sandstrom, K. M., Leroy, A. K., & McClain, R. (2026) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ae4ec9
Self-citationStar formation across cosmic time and its influence on galactic dynamics
Freundlich, J. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d2e78c37zccddz488fz8bb3zcb057f1efb55
Star formation beyond the optical disk
Yadav, J., Das, M., Amrutha, S., & Rigopoulou, D. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659471
A deep study of the spiral galaxy W2246f
Johnston, E. J., Lambert, S., Nair, A., Lugo-Aranda, A. Z., Aravena, M., Assef, R. J., Díaz-Santos, T., Aranda, R. F., Jun, H. D., Li, G., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202660281
Metadata
- Authors
- Leroy, A. K., Bigiel, F., de Blok, W. J. G., Boissier, S., Bolatto, A., Brinks, E., Madore, B., Munoz-Mateos, J.-C., Murphy, E., Sandstrom, K., Schruba, A., & Walter, F.
- Affiliations
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2012-05-24
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2140570487
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 11.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0955836, NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- Research Corporation for Science Advancement
- California Institute of Technology
- Aspen Center for Physics
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/G002630/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- star formation rate surface density, 24 micron emission, SFR calibration, H-alpha emission, ultraviolet emission, infrared emission, spectral energy distribution, simple stellar populations
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