CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 15,126Astrophysics and Star Formation StudiesCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds

Open access
Schlegel, David J., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Davis, Marc·1998·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.1086/305772
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

We present a full-sky 100 μm map that is a reprocessed composite of the COBE /DIRBE and IRAS /ISSA maps, with the zodiacal foreground and confirmed point sources removed. Before using the ISSA maps, we remove the remaining artifacts from the IRAS scan pattern. Using the DIRBE 100 and 240 μm data, we have constructed a map of the dust temperature so that the 100 μm map may be converted to a map proportional to dust column density. The dust temperature varies from 17 to 21 K, which is modest but does modify the estimate of the dust column by a factor of 5. The result of these manipulations is a map with DIRBE quality calibration and IRAS resolution. A wealth of filamentary detail is apparent on many different scales at all Galactic latitudes. In high-latitude regions, the dust map correlates well with maps of H I emission, but deviations are coherent in the sky and are especially conspicuous in regions of saturation of H I emission toward denser clouds and of formation of H 2 in molecular clouds. In contrast, high-velocity H I clouds are deficient in dust emission, as expected. To generate the full-sky dust maps, we must first remove zodiacal light contamination, as well as a possible cosmic infrared background (CIB). This is done via a regression analysis of the 100 μm DIRBE map against the Leiden-Dwingeloo map of H I emission, with corrections for the zodiacal light via a suitable expansion of the DIRBE 25 μm flux. This procedure removes virtually all traces of the zodiacal foreground. For the 100 μm map no significant CIB is detected. At longer wavelengths, where the zodiacal contamination is weaker, we detect the CIB at surprisingly high flux levels of 32 ± 13 nW m -2 sr -1 at 140 μm and of 17 ± 4 nW m -2 sr -1 at 240 μm (95% confidence). This integrated flux ~2 times that extrapolated from optical galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 μm emission. We find consistent calibration using the B - R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B - V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B - V versus Mg 2 index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/305772

Cites

67 of 67 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 68 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. B. T., & Lazarian, A. 1997, preprint, Draine, astro-ph/9710152 · arXiv
  2. D. J., Dwek, E., Mather, J. C., Bennett, C. L., & Shafer, R. A. 1998, Fixsen, ApJ, in press A., et al. 1997, preprint, Franceschini, astro-ph/9707080 · arXiv
  3. B., Bouchet, F. R., Puget, J. L., Lagache, G., & Hivon, E. 1997, Guiderdoni, preprint, astro-ph/9706095 · arXiv
  4. D., Magnani, L., & Thaddeus, P. 1997, Hartmann, preprint M. 1996, in AIP Conf. Proc. 348, Unveiling the Cosmic IR Back- Hauser, ground, ed. E. Dwek (New York : AIP), 11
  5. E. M., Readhead, A., Pearson, T., & Myers, S. 1997, preprint, Leitch, astro-ph/9705241 · arXiv
  6. F. J., et al. 1984, ApJ, 278, Low, L19 P. 1997, preprint, Madau, astro-ph/9709147 · arXiv
  7. M. A., & Stecker, F. W. 1997, preprint, Malkan, astro-ph/9710072 · arXiv
  8. Peebles, Univ. Press), 59
  9. M., Steidel, C. C., Adelberger, K. L., Kellogg, M., Dickinson, M., & Pettini, Giavalisco, M. 1997, preprint, astro-ph/9708117 · arXiv
  10. D. J. 1995, Ph.D. thesis, University of California at
  11. M. 1997, preprint, Vogeley, astro-ph/9711209 · arXiv

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M.
Affiliations
  • Durham University (GB)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
1998-06-20
Volume
500
Issue
2
Pages
525-553
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.1086/305772
OpenAlex
W2111817932
Cited by
15,126
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 275 · 2025: 413 · 2024: 413 · 2023: 386 · 2022: 415 · 2021: 468 · 2020: 434 · 2019: 504 · 2018: 488 · 2017: 514 · 2016: 693 · 2015: 610 · 2014: 589 · 2013: 727 · 2012: 843
FWCI
225.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords
interstellar dust emission, Galactic extinction, reddening, cosmic infrared background, zodiacal light, dust column density, dust temperature, HI emission, high-velocity clouds, molecular clouds, cosmic microwave background foregrounds, DIRBE, elliptical galaxies, reddening law, cosmic star formation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review