SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
Open accessAbstract
The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of an underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, we have obtained spatially resolved spectra of most of the disk of Europa at a spectral resolution ∼40 times higher than seen by the Galileo spacecraft. These spectra show a previously undetected distinct signature of magnesium sulfate salts on Europa, but the magnesium sulfate is confined to the trailing hemisphere and spatially correlated with the presence of radiation products like sulfuric acid and SO 2 . On the leading, less irradiated, hemisphere, our observations rule out the presence of many of the proposed sulfate salts, but do show the presence of distorted water ice bands. Based on the association of the potential MgSO 4 detection on the trailing side with other radiation products, we conclude that MgSO 4 is also a radiation product, rather than a constituent of a Europa ocean brine. Based on ocean chemistry models, we hypothesize that, prior to irradiation, magnesium is primarily in the form of MgCl 2 , and we predict that NaCl and KCl are even more abundant, and, in fact, dominate the non-ice component of the leading hemisphere. We propose observational tests of this new hypothesis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Europa's irradiated, oxidized surface products are placed into contact with its liquid inner ocean through processes operating on geologically short timescales such as diapirism, cryovolcanism, fracturing, and reservoir collapse.
“Studies of Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter, have suggested that products from its irradiated, oxidized surface are placed into contact with its liquid inner ocean through processes operating on geologically short timescales such as diapirism, cryovolcanism, fracturing, and reservoir collapse (Brown and Hand 2013;Sparks et al. 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Brown and Hand 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes
Iye, M., & Moorwood, A. F. M. (2003) · SPIE eBooks · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa
Kivelson, M. G., Khurana, K. K., Russell, C. T., Volwerk, M., Walker, R. J., & Zimmer, C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1340 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life
Kargel, J. S., Kaye, J. Z., Head, J. W., III, Marion, G. M., Sassen, R., Crowley, J. K., Ballesteros, O. P., Grant, S. A., & Hogenboom, D. L. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6471 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Europa's Differentiated Internal Structure: Inferences from Four Galileo Encounters
Anderson, J. D., Schubert, G., Jacobson, R. A., Lau, E. L., Moore, W. B., & SJOGREN, W. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.2019 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations
Zimmer, C. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6456 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Smythe, W. D., Crowley, J. K., Martin, P. D., Ocampo, A., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1242 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Sulfuric Acid on Europa and the Radiolytic Sulfur Cycle
Carlson, R. W., Johnson, R. E., & Anderson, M. S. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.97 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Crowley, J. K., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Smythe, W. D., Martin, P. D., Hibbitts, C. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999je900005 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Remote sensing of the environment
Schanda, E. (1978) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00450584 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Energy for microbial life on Europa
Chyba, C. F. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000281 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Brine volcanism and the interior structures of asteroids and icy satellites
Kargel, J. S. (1991) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90235-l · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Evidence for sulphur implantation in Europa's UV absorption band
Lane, A. L., Nelson, R. M., & Matson, D. L. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292038a0 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Spectral comparison of heavily hydrated salts with disrupted terrains on Europa
Dalton, J. B., Prieto‐Ballesteros, O., Kargel, J. S., Jamieson, C. S., Jolivet, J., & Quinn, R. C. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.023 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice
Carlson, R. W., Anderson, M. S., Johnson, R. E., Schulman, M. B., & Yavrouian, A. H. (2002) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6858 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Hydrated Salt Minerals on Ganymede's Surface: Evidence of an Ocean Below
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., & Hibbitts, C. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059916 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Distribution of hydrate on Europa: Further evidence for sulfuric acid hydrate
Carlson, R. W., Anderson, M. S., Mehlman, R., & Johnson, R. E. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.026 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Exogenic and endogenic albedo and color patterns on Europa
McEwen, A. S. (1986) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb091ib08p08077 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Calvin, W. M., Clark, R. N., Brown, R. H., & Spencer, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/94je03349 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Radiation chemical alterations in solar system ices: An overview
Hudson, R. L., & Moore, M. H. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000je001299 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Discovery of an extended sodium atmosphere around Europa
Brown, M. E., & Hill, R. E. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380229a0 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationPotassium in Europa's Atmosphere
Brown, M. E. (2001) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6612 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationThe radiolysis of SO2 and H2S in water ice: Implications for the icy jovian satellites
Moore, M. H., Hudson, R. L., & CARLSON, R. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.01.018 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Brines exposed to Europa surface conditions
McCord, T. B., Teeter, G. R., Hansen, G. B., Sieger, M. T., & Orlando, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000je001453 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
THE INFRARED SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN VOLATILES
Fink, U., & Sill, G. T. (1982) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zds6.9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dalton, J. B., Shirley, J. H., & Kamp, L. W. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011je003909 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The chemical nature of Europa surface material and the relation to a subsurface ocean
Orlando, T. M., McCord, T. B., & Grieves, G. A. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.05.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Shirley, J. H., Dalton, J. B., Prockter, L. M., & Kamp, L. W. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.018 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
New Horizons Mapping of Europa and Ganymede
Grundy, W. M., Buratti, B. J., CHENG, A. F., Emery, J. P., Lunsford, A. W., McKinnon, W. B., Moore, J. M., Newman, S., Olkin, C. B., Reuter, D. C., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1147623 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fanale, F. P., Li, Y., Carlo, E. D., Farley, C., Sharma, S. K., Horton, K., & Granahan, J. C. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000je001385 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hydrate sulfuric acid after sulfur implantation in water ice
Strazzulla, G., Baratta, G. A., Leto, G., & Gomis, O. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Low temperature optical constants of some hydrated sulfates relevant to planetary surfaces
Dalton, J. B., & Pitman, K. M. (2012) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011je004036 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hydrated minerals on Europa’s surface: An improved look from the Galileo NIMS investigation
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Combe, J., & Hayne, P. O. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.026 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Feldman, P. D., Ake, T. B., Berman, A. F., Moos, H. W., Sahnow, D. J., Strobel, D. F., Weaver, H. A., & Young, P. R. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320920 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
OSIRIS: infrared integral field spectrograph for the Keck adaptive optics system
Larkin, J. E., Quirrenbach, A., Krabbe, A., Aliado, T., Barczys, M., Brims, G., Canfield, J., Gasaway, T. M., Lafreniére, D., Magnone, N., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.461775 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Spencer, J. R., Grundy, W. M., Dumas, C., Carlson, R. W., McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., & Terrile, R. J. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.024 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Detection of Atomic Chlorine in Io’s Atmosphere with theHubble Space TelescopeGHRS
Feaga, L. M., McGrath, M. A., Feldman, P. D., & Strobel, D. F. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/421862 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Carlson, R. W., Calvin, W. M., Dalton, J. B., et al. 2009, in Europa, ed. R. T. Pappalardo (Tucson, AZ: Univ. Arizona Press), 283
- Fink, U., & Sill, G. T. 1982, in Comets, ed. L. L. Wilkening (Tucson, AZ: Univ. Arizona Press), 164
- Hand, K. P., Chyba, C. F., Priscu, J. C., et al. 2009, in Europa, ed. R. T. Pappalardo (Tucson, AZ: Univ. Arizona Press), 589
- Zolotov, M. Y. 2008, in Lunar and Planetary Inst. Technical Report, Vol. 39, Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference Abstracts, 2349
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glein, C. R., Baross, J. A., & Waite, J. H. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.017 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7123 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationGeophysical Investigations of Habitability in Ice-Covered Ocean Worlds
Vance, S. D., Panning, M. P., Stähler, S. C., Cammarano, F., Bills, B. G., Tobie, G., Kamata, S., Kedar, S., Sotin, C., Pike, W. T., et al. (2018) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000245176 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Vance, S. D., Bouffard, M., Choukroun, M. N., & Sotin, C. (2014) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride
Hand, K. P., & Carlson, R. W. (2015) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2015gl063559 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationVLT/SINFONI OBSERVATIONS OF EUROPA: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE SURFACE COMPOSITION
Ligier, N., Poulet, F., Carter, J., Brunetto, R., & Gourgeot, F. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Space Environment of Io and Europa
Bagenal, F., & Dols, V. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2019ja027485 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Ocean-driven heating of Europa’s icy shell at low latitudes
Soderlund, K. M., Schmidt, B. E., Wicht, J., & Blankenship, D. D. (2013) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2021 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Lunine, J. (2017) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.11.017 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Earth as a Tool for Astrobiology—A European Perspective
Martins, Z., Cottin, H., Kotler, J. M., Carrasco, N., Cockell, C. S., Noetzel, R. D. L. T., Demets, R., Vera, J.-P. P. D., d’Hendecourt, L., Ehrenfreund, P., et al. (2017) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0369-1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Insights into Ceres's evolution from surface composition
Castillo-Rogez, J. C., Neveu, M. F., McSWEEN, H. Y., Jr., Fu, R. R., Toplis, M. J., & Prettyman, T. H. (2018) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13181 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sustained eruptions on Enceladus explained by turbulent dissipation in tiger stripes
Kite, E. S., & Rubin, A. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1520507113 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A Metamorphic Origin for Europa's Ocean
Daswani, M. M., Vance, S. D., Mayne, M. J., & Glein, C. R. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl094143 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Endogenous CO 2 ice mixture on the surface of Europa and no detection of plume activity
Villanueva, G. L., Hammel, H. B., Milam, S. N., Faggi, S., Kofman, V., Roth, L., Hand, K. P., Paganini, L., Stansberry, J., Spencer, J. R., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adg4270 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Habitability and Future Exploration of Ocean Worlds
Hand, K. P., Sotin, C., Hayes, A. G., & Coustenis, A. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00713-7 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationLigier, N., Paranicas, C. P., Carter, J., Poulet, F., Calvin, W. M., Nordheim, T. A., Snodgrass, C., & Ferellec, L. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.06.013 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ice-Ocean Exchange Processes in the Jovian and Saturnian Satellites
Soderlund, K. M., Kalousová, K., Buffo, J., Glein, C. R., Goodman, J., Mitri, G., Patterson, G. W., Postberg, F., Rovira‐Navarro, M., Rückriemen, T., et al. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00706-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hanley, J., Dalton, J. B., Chevrier, V. F., Jamieson, C. S., & Barrows, R. S. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2013je004565 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Taubner, R.-S., Schleper, C., Firneis, M. G., & Rittmann, S. K. ‐. R. (2015) · Life · doi:10.3390/life5041652 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Dielectric properties of Jovian satellite ice analogs for subsurface radar exploration: A review
Pettinelli, E., Cosciotti, B., Paolo, F. D., Lauro, S. E., Mattei, E., Orosei, R., & Vannaroni, G. (2015) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2014rg000463 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF EUROPA: THE DISTINCT SPECTRUM OF LARGE-SCALE CHAOS
Fischer, P. D., Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/164 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationBrine Migration and Impact‐Induced Cryovolcanism on Europa
Steinbrügge, G., Voigt, J. R. C., Wolfenbarger, N. S., Hamilton, C. W., Soderlund, K. M., Young, D. A., Blankenship, D. D., Vance, S. D., & Schroeder, D. M. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl090797 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Teolis, B. D., Wyrick, D. Y., Bouquet, A., Magee, B. A., & Waite, J. H. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.027 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Journaux, B., Daniel, I., Petitgirard, S., Cardon, H., Perrillat, J., Caracas, R., & Mézouar, M. (2017) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.017 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor
Cantine, M. D., & Fournier, G. P. (2018) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-017-9542-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Kalousová, K., Schroeder, D. M., & Soderlund, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2016je005110 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A New UV Spectral Feature on Europa: Confirmation of NaCl in Leading-hemisphere Chaos Terrain
Trumbo, S. K., Becker, T. M., Brown, M. E., Denman, W. T. P., Molyneux, P., Hendrix, A., Retherford, K. D., Roth, L., & Alday, J. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac4580 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Orbitrap-based laser desorption/ablation mass spectrometer designed for spaceflight.
Arevalo, R., Selliez, L., Briois, C., Carrasco, N., Thirkell, L., Cherville, B., Colin, F., Gaubicher, B., Farcy, B., Li, X., et al. (2018) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8244 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Color centers in salts - Evidence for the presence of sulfates on Europa
Hibbitts, C. A., Stockstill‐Cahill, K. R., Wing, B. R., & Paranicas, C. P. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON)
Blankenship, D. D., Moussessian, A., Chapin, E., Young, D. A., Patterson, G. W., Plaut, J. J., Freedman, A. P., Schroeder, D. M., Grima, C., Steinbrügge, G., et al. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Vu, T. H., Hodyss, R., Choukroun, M. N., & Johnson, P. V. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8205/816/2/l26 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer (MAJIS) on Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE)
Poulet, F., Piccioni, G., Langevin, Y., Dumesnil, C., Tommasi, L., Carlier, V., Filacchione, G., Amoroso, M., Arondel, A., D'Aversa, E., et al. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01057-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Exploring the Composition of Europa with the Upcoming Europa Clipper Mission
Becker, T. M., Zolotov, M. Y., Gudipati, M. S., Soderblom, J. M., McGrath, M. A., Henderson, B. L., Hedman, M. M., Choukroun, M. N., Clark, R. N., Chivers, C. J., et al. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01069-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationComposition and Evolution of Frozen Chloride Brines under the Surface Conditions of Europa
Thomas, E. C., Hodyss, R., Vu, T. H., Johnson, P. V., & Choukroun, M. N. (2017) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.6b00003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Insights into Europa's ocean composition derived from its surface expression
Johnson, P. V., Hodyss, R., Vu, T. H., & Choukroun, M. N. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
H 2 O 2 within Chaos Terrain on Europa’s Leading Hemisphere
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab380c · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationGanymede’s Surface Properties from Millimeter and Infrared Thermal Emission
de Kleer, K., Butler, B. J., de Pater, I., Gurwell, M., Moullet, A., Trumbo, S. K., & Spencer, J. R. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abcbf4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Vance, S. D., Barge, L. M., Cardoso, S. S. S., & Cartwright, J. H. E. (2019) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1826 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
MASPEX-Europa: The Europa Clipper Neutral Gas Mass Spectrometer Investigation
Waite, J. H., Burch, J. L., Brockwell, T., Young, D. T., Miller, G., Persyn, S. C., Stone, J. M., Wilson, P., Miller, K. E., Glein, C. R., et al. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01061-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Thermal and Chemical Evolution of Small, Shallow Water Bodies in Europa's Ice Shell
Chivers, C. J., Buffo, J., & Schmidt, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2020je006692 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
King, O. R. T., Fletcher, L. N., & Ligier, N. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac596d · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Heat transfer of ascending cryomagma on Europa
Quick, L. C., & Marsh, B. D. (2016) · Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research · doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hydrogen, Hydrocarbons, and Habitability Across the Solar System
Glein, C. R., & Zolotov, M. Y. (2020) · Elements · doi:10.2138/gselements.16.1.47 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Quick, L. C., & Marsh, B. D. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.016 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Clark, R. N., Swayze, G. A., Carlson, R. W., Grundy, W. M., & Noll, K. (2014) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2014.78.10 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Magnetospheric Ion Bombardment of Europa’s Surface
Nordheim, T. A., Regoli, L., Harris, C. D. K., Paranicas, C. P., Hand, K. P., & Jia, X. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac382a · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact breaching of Europa's ice: Constraints from numerical modeling
Cox, R., & Bauer, A. W. (2015) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2015je004877 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hydrogen peroxide at the poles of Ganymede
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., Bockelée-Morvan, D., de Pater, I., Fouchet, T., Wong, M. H., Cazaux, S. M., Fletcher, L. N., de Kleer, K., Lellouch, E., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg3724 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationRevealing Callisto’s Carbon-rich Surface and CO 2 Atmosphere with JWST
Cartwright, R., Villanueva, G. L., Holler, B. J., Camarca, M., Faggi, S., Neveu, M. F., Roth, L., Raut, U., Glein, C. R., Castillo-Rogez, J. C., et al. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad23e6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSUDA: A SUrface Dust Analyser for Compositional Mapping of the Galilean Moon Europa
Kempf, S., Tucker, S., Altobelli, N., Briois, C. C., Cable, M. L., Grün, E., Gudipati, M. S., Henderson, B. L., Hsu, H.-W., Hand, K. P., et al. (2025) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01134-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationALMA Thermal Observations of Europa
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., & Butler, B. J. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aada87 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)
Blaney, D. L., Hibbitts, K., Diniega, S., Davies, A. G., Clark, R. N., Green, R. O., Hedman, M. M., Langevin, Y., Lunine, J. I., McCord, T. B., et al. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ice Shell Structure and Composition of Ocean Worlds: Insights from Accreted Ice on Earth
Wolfenbarger, N. S., Buffo, J., Soderlund, K. M., & Blankenship, D. D. (2022) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0044 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dannenmann, M., Klenner, F., Bönigk, J., Pavlista, M., Napoleoni, M., Hillier, J., Khawaja, N., Olsson-Francis, K., Cable, M., Malaska, M., et al. (2022) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0063 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Probing Europa's subsurface ocean composition from surface salt minerals using in-situ techniques
Vu, T. H., Choukroun, M. N., Hodyss, R., & Johnson, P. V. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113746 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Glombitza, C., Putman, L. I., Rempfert, K. R., Kubo, M. D. Y., Schrenk, M. O., Templeton, A. S., & Hoehler, T. M. (2021) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00157-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Weber, J. M., Marlin, T. C., Prakash, M., Teece, B. L., Dzurilla, K. A., & Barge, L. M. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13081726 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Carnahan, E., Wolfenbarger, N. S., Jordan, J. S., & Hesse, M. A. (2021) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116886 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fortes, A. D., Knight, K. S., & Wood, I. G. (2017) · Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science Crystal Engineering and Materials · doi:10.1107/s2052520616018266 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Modeling of Possible Plume Mechanisms on Europa
Vorburger, A., & Wurz, P. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2021ja029690 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fischer, P. D., Brown, M. E., Trumbo, S. K., & Hand, K. P. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/13 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLockhart, K. E., Do, T., Larkin, J. E., Boehle, A., Campbell, R. D., Chappell, S., Chu, D., Ciurlo, A., Cosens, M., Fitzgerald, M. P., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf64e · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Compositional Controls on the Distribution of Brine in Europa's Ice Shell
Wolfenbarger, N. S., Fox‐Powell, M. G., Buffo, J., Soderlund, K. M., & Blankenship, D. D. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2022je007305 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Global Modeling of Ganymede's Surface Composition: Near‐IR Mapping From VLT/SPHERE
King, O. R. T., & Fletcher, L. N. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2022je007323 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Napoleoni, M., Klenner, F., Khawaja, N., Hillier, J. K., & Postberg, F. (2023) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00342 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fortes, A. D., Fernández-Alonso, F., Tucker, M. G., & Wood, I. G. (2017) · Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science Crystal Engineering and Materials · doi:10.1107/s2052520616018254 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prockter, L. M., Shirley, J. H., Dalton, J. B., & Kamp, L. W. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Endogenic and Exogenic Contributions to Visible-wavelength Spectra of Europa’s Trailing Hemisphere
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc34c · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationBerdis, J. R., Gudipati, M. S., Murphy, J. R., & Chanover, N. J. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113660 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The search for and analysis of direct samples of early Solar System aqueous fluids
ZOLENSKY, M. E., Bodnar, R. J., Yurimoto, H., Itoh, S., Fries, M. D., Steele, A., Chan, Q. H. S., Tsuchiyama, A., Kebukawa, Y., & Ito, M. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2015.0386 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
On the identification of hyperhydrated sodium chloride hydrates, stable at icy moon conditions
Journaux, B., Pakhomova, A., Collings, I. E., Petitgirard, S., Ballaran, T. B., Brown, J. M., Vance, S. D., Chariton, S., Prakapenka, V. B., Huang, D., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2217125120 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stable Brine Layers beneath Europa’s Chaos
Chivers, C. J., Buffo, J., & Schmidt, B. E. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/acea75 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
On the Response of Halophilic Archaea to Space Conditions
Leuko, S., Rettberg, P., Pontifex, A., & Burns, B. P. (2014) · Life · doi:10.3390/life4010066 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of laterally varying icy shell structure on the tidal response of Ganymede and Europa
A, G., Wahr, J., & Zhong, S. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2013je004570 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lockhart, K., Do, T., Larkin, J., Boehle, A., Campbell, R., Chappell, S., Chu, D., Ciurlo, A., Cosens, M., Fitzgerald, M., et al. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Geology, Life, and Habitability
Southam, G., Westall, F., & Spohn, T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00175-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How Adsorption Affects the Gas–Ice Partitioning of Organics Erupted from Enceladus
Bouquet, A., Glein, C. R., & Waite, J. H. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0100 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Revisit of Select Galileo/NIMS Observations of Europa
Mishra, I., Lewis, N. K., Lunine, J. I., Hand, K. P., Helfenstein, P., Carlson, R. W., & MacDonald, R. J. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac1acb · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSulfur isotopes as biosignatures for Mars and Europa exploration
Marti, A. M., Fox‐Powell, M. G., Cousins, C. R., Macey, M. C., & Zerkle, A. L. (2022) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2021-134 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A New Spectral Feature on the Trailing Hemisphere of Europa at 3.78 μm
Trumbo, S. K., Brown, M. E., Fischer, P. D., & Hand, K. P. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6d80 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationNulsen, S., Kraft, R., Germain, G., Dunn, W. R., Tremblay, G. R., Beegle, L. W., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Bülbül, E., Elsner, R. F., Hodyss, R., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8cbc · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Radar Signal Penetration and Horizons Detection on Europa Through Numerical Simulations
Paolo, F. D., Lauro, S. E., Castelletti, D., Mitri, G., Bovolo, F., Cosciotti, B., Mattei, E., Orosei, R., Notarnicola, C., Bruzzone, L., et al. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2544103 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Comodi, P., Stagno, V., Zucchini, A., Fei, Y., & Prakapenka, V. B. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.032 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Origin and Fate of O 2 $\mbox{O}_{2}$ in Europa’s Ice: An Atmospheric Perspective
Johnson, R. E., Oza, A., Leblanc, F., Schmidt, C., Nordheim, T. A., & Cassidy, T. A. (2019) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0582-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Blanc, M., Prieto‐Ballesteros, O., André, N., Gómez‐Elvira, J., Jones, G. H., Sterken, V., Desprats, W., Gurvits, L. I., Khurana, K. K., Balmino, G., et al. (2020) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2020.104960 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dielectric characterization of ice/MgSO 4 ⋅11H 2 O mixtures as Jovian icy moon crust analogues
Pettinelli, E., Lauro, S. E., Cosciotti, B., Mattei, E., Paolo, F. D., & Vannaroni, G. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Meusburger, J. M., Ende, M., Matzinger, P., Talla, D., Miletich, R., & Wildner, M. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113459 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Subsurface Science and Search for Life in Ocean Worlds
Lawrence, J., Mullen, A., Bryson, F. E., Chivers, C. J., Hanna, A., Plattner, T., Spiers, E. M., Bowman, J. S., Buffo, J., Burnett, J., et al. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/aca6ed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wizinowich, P. L. (2015) · Contemporary Physics · doi:10.1080/00107514.2015.1041765 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nepal, S., & Kumar, P. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8050637 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Napoleoni, M., Klenner, F., Sánchez, L. H., Khawaja, N., Hillier, J. K., Gudipati, M. S., Hand, K. P., Kempf, S., & Postberg, F. (2023) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00098 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationDesai, R., Cowee, M. M., Wei, H. Y., Fu, X., Gary, S. P., Volwerk, M., & Coates, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1002/2017ja024479 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Formation of Vitreous Salt Hydrates Under Conditions Relevant to Europa
Johnson, P. V., & Vu, T. H. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac6bfb · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Mid-UV Spectrum of Irradiated NaCl at Europa-like Conditions
Brown, M. E., Denman, W. T. P., & Trumbo, S. K. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac457f · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping the surface composition of Europa with SUDA
Goode, W., Kempf, S., & Schmidt, J. (2023) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2023.105633 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Carns, R., Light, B., & Warren, S. G. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2016jc011804 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor
Meitzler, R. C., Jun, I., Blase, R. C., Cassidy, T. A., Clark, R. N., Cochrane, C. J., Fix, S., Gladstone, G. R., Goldsten, J. O., Gudipati, M. S., et al. (2023) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-023-01003-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationJWST Reveals Spectral Tracers of Recent Surface Modification on Europa
Cartwright, R., Hibbitts, C. A., Holler, B. J., Raut, U., Nordheim, T. A., Neveu, M. F., Protopapa, S., Glein, C. R., Leonard, E. J., Roth, L., et al. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/adcab9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cérubini, R., Pommerol, A., Yoldi, Z., & Thomas, N. (2021) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2021.105391 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tan, S., Sekine, Y., & Kuzuhara, M. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac596c · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, M. E.
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2013-03-14
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 110
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2137799162
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Europa, magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, trailing hemisphere, leading hemisphere, subsurface ocean, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
