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SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA

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Brown, M. E., Hand, K. P.·2013·The Astronomical Journal

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Abstract

The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of an underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, we have obtained spatially resolved spectra of most of the disk of Europa at a spectral resolution ∼40 times higher than seen by the Galileo spacecraft. These spectra show a previously undetected distinct signature of magnesium sulfate salts on Europa, but the magnesium sulfate is confined to the trailing hemisphere and spatially correlated with the presence of radiation products like sulfuric acid and SO 2 . On the leading, less irradiated, hemisphere, our observations rule out the presence of many of the proposed sulfate salts, but do show the presence of distorted water ice bands. Based on the association of the potential MgSO 4 detection on the trailing side with other radiation products, we conclude that MgSO 4 is also a radiation product, rather than a constituent of a Europa ocean brine. Based on ocean chemistry models, we hypothesize that, prior to irradiation, magnesium is primarily in the form of MgCl 2 , and we predict that NaCl and KCl are even more abundant, and, in fact, dominate the non-ice component of the leading hemisphere. We propose observational tests of this new hypothesis.

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Authors: Brown, M. E., & Hand, K. P.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Brown, M. E.
ORCID: Brown, M. E.
Hand, K. P.
Venue: The Astronomical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2013-03-14
Volume: 145
Issue: 4
Pages: 110
ISSN: 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
1538-3881
DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/145/4/110
OpenAlex: W2137799162
Cited by: 213
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 6.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
iopscience.iop.org/page/copyright (vor)
Locations: The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: Europa, magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, trailing hemisphere, leading hemisphere, subsurface ocean, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride

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SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA

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