The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
MAPPING THE SHORES OF THE BROWN DWARF DESERT. II. MULTIPLE STAR FORMATION IN TAURUS-AURIGA
Open accessAbstract
We have conducted a high-resolution imaging study of the Taurus–Auriga star-forming region in order to characterize the primordial outcome of multiple star formation and the extent of the brown dwarf desert. Our survey identified 16 new binary companions to primary stars with masses of 0.25–2.5 M ☉ , raising the total number of binary pairs (including components of high-order multiples) with separations of 3–5000 AU to 90. We find that ∼2/3–3/4 of all Taurus members are multiple systems of two or more stars, while the other ∼1/4–1/3 appear to have formed as single stars; the distribution of high-order multiplicity suggests that fragmentation into a wide binary has no impact on the subsequent probability that either component will fragment again. The separation distribution for solar-type stars (0.7–2.5 M ☉ ) is nearly log-flat over separations of 3–5000 AU, but lower-mass stars (0.25–0.7 M ☉ ) show a paucity of binary companions with separations of ≳200 AU. Across this full mass range, companion masses are well described with a linear-flat function; all system mass ratios ( q = M B / M A ) are equally probable, apparently including substellar companions. Our results are broadly consistent with the two expected modes of binary formation (free-fall fragmentation on large scales and disk fragmentation on small scales), but the distributions provide some clues as to the epochs at which the companions are likely to form.
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“The multiplicity of class I young stellar objects (YSOs) in embedded clusters and pre-MS stars in young associations is high and ranges from 20% to 60% for the ∼10 1.5 -10 2.5 AU separation range and mass ratios of ∼0.1-1”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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“The number of binaries is flat in log period or semi-major axis space (Halbwachs et al. 2003;Kraus et al. 2011), and young binaries are similar to field population in this respect (Duchêne et al. 2007).”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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“However, this is difficult to formulate as binary identifications are not complete at mass ratios less than 0.1 (e.g., Kraus et al. 2011) and the number of secondaries hosting passive disks in the 10 7 year old age range is not well characterized.”
From PLANETARY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN OCCULTATION: DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRASOLAR RING SYSTEM TRANSITING A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR DETECTING ECLIPSES BY CIRCUMSECONDARY AND CIRCUMPLANETARY DISKS (2012) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. 2011
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Cites
On the Gravitational Stability of a Disk of Stars
Toomre, A. (1964) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/147861 · Cited by 3,349 · cited 2×
“If the disk accumulates material from the envelope more quickly than mass can accrete onto the star, then it could grow more massive and violate the Toomre stability criterion (Toomre 1964), fragmenting to form a bound companion.”
BackgroundA SURVEY OF STELLAR FAMILIES: MULTIPLICITY OF SOLAR-TYPE STARS
Raghavan, D., McAlister, H. A., Henry, T. J., Latham, D. W., Marcy, G. W., Mason, B. D., Gies, D. R., White, R. J., & ten Brummelaar, T. A. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/1 · Cited by 1,922
Pre-Main-Sequence Evolution in the Taurus-Auriga Molecular Cloud
Kenyon, S. J., & Hartmann, L. W. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/192235 · Cited by 1,802
Ghez, A. M., Salim, S., Weinberg, N. N., Lu, J. R., Do, T., Dunn, J. K., Matthews, K., Morris, M. R., Yelda, S., Becklin, E. E., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/592738 · Cited by 1,577
Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458
Baraffe, I., Chabrier, G., Barman, T. S., Allard, F. C., & Hauschildt, P. H. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252 · Cited by 1,493
Color Transformations for the 2MASS Second Incremental Data Release
Carpenter, J. M. (2001) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/320383 · Cited by 1,090
Evolutionary Models for Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs with Dusty Atmospheres
Chabrier, G., Baraffe, I., Allard, F., & Hauschildt, P. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309513 · Cited by 1,057
Disk accretion onto magnetic T Tauri stars
Koenigl, A. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/185972 · Cited by 1,024
Ida, S., & Lin, D. N. C. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/381724 · Cited by 948
Boyle's Law and Gravitational Instability
Bonnar, W. B. (1956) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/116.3.351 · Cited by 919
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Duchêne, G., & Kraus, A. L. (2013) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102602 · Cited by 1,353
“The latter conclusion also matches the results of Kouwenhoven et al. (2007b) for intermediate-mass multiple systems in Upper Scorpius.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMoe, M., & Stefano, R. D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa6fb6 · Cited by 1,292
“…have also concluded that the statistics of solar-type binaries in open clusters are indistinguishable from those in the field for a broad range of cluster densities and ages τ ≈ 3 Myr - 7 Gyr (Bouvier et al. 1997; Köhler et al. 2006; Kraus et al. 2011; Geller & Mathieu 2012; King et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTHE MASS DEPENDENCE BETWEEN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AND THEIR STELLAR HOSTS
Andrews, S., Rosenfeld, K., Kraus, A., & Wilner, D. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/2/129 · Cited by 400
“The infrared-selected Luhman et al. catalog of Tau-Aur Class II sources is used as the basis of our sample: it includes 179 young stellar “systems” composed of 227 (known) individual stars with spectral types from B8 to M9 (e.g., Luhman 2000, 2004; Kraus et al. 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationGravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
Kratter, K. M., & Lodato, G. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023307 · Cited by 528
“On the contrary, Kraus et al. (2011) find that for young stars in Taurus, the lower mass objects M∗ < 0.7M typically have companions with smaller separations consistent with disk fragmentation (< 100AU ,) whereas stars with 0.7M < M∗ < 2.5M have more companions at larger separations.”
BackgroundBate, M. R. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19955.x · Cited by 535
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, A. L., Ireland, M. J., Martinache, F., & Hillenbrand, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-17
- Volume
- 731
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1996452021
- Semantic Scholar
- d9092295d91fdf71df1f34481bdbff65a7fb02f1
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 16.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- California Institute of Technology
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- U.S. Naval Observatory (NAS 5-26555)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- brown dwarf desert, multiple star formation, Taurus-Auriga star-forming region, binary companion, binary separation distribution, disk fragmentation, substellar companions
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