The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ARCADE 2 MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSOLUTE SKY BRIGHTNESS AT 3-90 GHz
Open accessAbstract
The ARCADE 2 instrument has measured the absolute temperature of the sky at frequencies 3, 8, 10, 30, and 90 GHz, using an open-aperture cryogenic instrument observing at balloon altitudes with no emissive windows between the beam-forming optics and the sky. An external blackbody calibrator provides an in situ reference. Systematic errors were greatly reduced by using differential radiometers and cooling all critical components to physical temperatures approximating the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. A linear model is used to compare the output of each radiometer to a set of thermometers on the instrument. Small corrections are made for the residual emission from the flight train, balloon, atmosphere, and foreground Galactic emission. The ARCADE 2 data alone show an excess radio rise of 54 ± 6 mK at 3.3 GHz in addition to a CMB temperature of 2.731 ± 0.004 K. Combining the ARCADE 2 data with data from the literature shows an excess power-law spectrum of T = 24.1 ± 2.1 (K) (ν/ν 0 ) −2.599 ± 0.036 from 22 MHz to 10 GHz (ν 0 = 310 MHz) in addition to a CMB temperature of 2.725 ± 0.001 K.
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Cites
The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum from the Full COBE FIRAS Data Set
Fixsen, D. J., Cheng, E. S., Gales, J. M., Mather, J. C., Shafer, R. A., & Wright, E. L. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/178173 · Cited by 1,780 · cited 1×
“…(FIRAS) instrument across the peak of the CMB spectrum (∼60–∼600 GHz) limit deviations from a blackbody, with temperature 2.725±0.001 K, to be less than 50 parts per million (Fixsen & Mather 2002; Fixsen et al. 1996), but measurements at centimeter or longer wavelengths are less restrictive.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCOBE Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer Observations of Galactic Lines
Fixsen, D. J., Bennett, C. L., & Mather, J. C. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307962 · Cited by 230
Self-citationThe Spectral Results of the Far‐Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer Instrument on COBE
Fixsen, D. J., & Mather, J. C. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344402 · Cited by 185
Self-citationThe radio emission from the Galaxy at 22 MHz
Roger, R. S., Costain, C. H., Landecker, T. L., & Swerdlyk, C. M. (1999) · Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series · doi:10.1051/aas:1999239 · Cited by 162
INTERPRETATION OF THE ARCADE 2 ABSOLUTE SKY BRIGHTNESS MEASUREMENT
Seiffert, M. D., Fixsen, D. J., Kogut, A., Levin, S., Limon, M., Lubin, P. M., Mirel, P., Singal, J., Thyrso Villela, H., Wollack, E. J., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/734/1/6 · Cited by 147
Self-citationThe radio emission from the Galaxy at 22 MHz
Roger, R. S., Costain, C. H., Landecker, T. L., & Swerdlyk, C. M. (1999) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/aas:1999239/pdf · Cited by 133
ARCADE 2 OBSERVATIONS OF GALACTIC RADIO EMISSION
Kogut, A., Fixsen, D. J., Levin, S., Limon, M., Lubin, P. M., Mirel, P., Seiffert, M. D., Singal, J., Thyrso Villela, H., Wollack, E. J., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/734/1/4 · Cited by 81
Self-citationA 45-MHz continuum survey of the northern hemisphere
Maeda, K., Alvarez, H., Aparici, J., May, J., & Reich, P. (1999) · Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series · doi:10.1051/aas:1999413 · Cited by 81
Gervasi, M., Tartari, A., Zannoni, M., Boella, G., & Sironi, G. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/588628 · Cited by 79
The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background at 10 GHz
Fixsen, D. J., Kogut, A., Levin, S., Limon, M., Lubin, P. M., Mirel, P., Seiffert, M. D., & Wollack, E. J. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/421993 · Cited by 65
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Cited by
SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: GALACTIC FOREGROUND EMISSION
Gold, B., Odegard, N., Weiland, J. L., Hill, R. S., Kogut, A., Bennett, C. L., Hinshaw, G., Chen, X., Dunkley, J., Halpern, M., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/15 · Cited by 450
Self-citationDi Valentino, E., Said, J. L., Riess, A., Pollo, A., Poulin, V., Gómez-Valent, A., Weltman, A., Palmese, A., Huang, C. D., Bruck, C. V. D., et al. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.101965 · Cited by 319
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fixsen, D. J., Kogut, A., Levin, S., Limon, M., Lubin, P., Mirel, P., Seiffert, M., Singal, J., Wollack, E., Villela, T., & Wuensche, C. A.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-05-17
- Volume
- 734
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2097772074
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 9.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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