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FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATIONS OF HIGH CONTRAST IMAGING SET BY SMALL SAMPLE STATISTICS
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In this paper, we review the impact of small sample statistics on detection thresholds and corresponding confidence levels (CLs) in high-contrast imaging at small angles. When looking close to the star, the number of resolution elements decreases rapidly toward small angles. This reduction of the number of degrees of freedom dramatically affects CLs and false alarm probabilities. Naively using the same ideal hypothesis and methods as for larger separations, which are well understood and commonly assume Gaussian noise, can yield up to one order of magnitude error in contrast estimations at fixed CL. The statistical penalty exponentially increases toward very small inner working angles. Even at 5–10 resolution elements from the star, false alarm probabilities can be significantly higher than expected. Here we present a rigorous statistical analysis that ensures robustness of the CL, but also imposes a substantial limitation on corresponding achievable detection limits (thus contrast) at small angles. This unavoidable fundamental statistical effect has a significant impact on current coronagraphic and future high-contrast imagers. Finally, the paper concludes with practical recommendations to account for small number statistics when computing the sensitivity to companions at small angles and when exploiting the results of direct imaging planet surveys.
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“The small number of statistically independent patches close to the central star means that a correction is required to the sensitivity as described in Mawet et al. (2014), and we apply this correction to the contrast curve.”
From ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen) (2020) · cites this paper as Mawet et al. 2014
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Coroller, H. L., Nowak, M., Wagner, K., Kasper, M. E., Chauvin, G., Desgrange, C., Conseil, S., Jakob, G. H., Käufl, U., Leveratto, S., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243576 · Cited by 6
Self-citationTOI 560: Two Transiting Planets Orbiting a K Dwarf Validated with iSHELL, PFS, and HIRES RVs
Mufti, M. E., Plavchan, P. P., Isaacson, H. T., Cale, B., Feliz, D. L., Reefe, M., Hellier, C., Stassun, K. G., Eastman, J. D., Polanski, A. S., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9834 · Cited by 8
Long, J. D., Males, J. R., Haffert, S. Y., Pearce, L., Marley, M. S., Morzinski, K. M., Close, L. M., Otten, G. P. P. L., Snik, F., Kenworthy, M. A., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acbd4b · Cited by 6
Self-citationApplying a temporal systematics model to vector Apodizing Phase Plate coronagraphic data: TRAP4vAPP
Liu, P., Bohn, A. J., Doelman, D. S., Sutlieff, B. J., Samland, M., Kenworthy, M. A., Snik, F., Birkby, J., Biller, B. A., Males, J. R., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245333 · Cited by 6
Self-citationA Large Double-ring Disk Around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
Long, F., Ren, B. B., Wallack, N. L., Harsono, D., Herczeg, G. J., Pinilla, P., Mawet, D. P., Liu, M. C., Andrews, S. M., Bai, X., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc843 · Cited by 6
Self-citationHigh-contrast Imaging with Fizeau Interferometry: the Case of Altair*
Spalding, E. A., Morzinski, K. M., Hinz, P. M., Males, J. R., Meyer, M. R., Quanz, S. P., Leisenring, J., & Power, J. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac3b5b · Cited by 8
ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)
Kenworthy, M. A., Klaassen, P. D., Min, M., van der Marel, N., Bohn, A. J., Kama, M., Triaud, A., Hales, A., Monkiewicz, J., Scott, E., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936141 · Cited by 5
“The small number of statistically independent patches close to the central star means that a correction is required to the sensitivity as described in Mawet et al. (2014), and we apply this correction to the contrast curve.”
MethodSelf-citationSPHERE RefPlanets: Search for ε Eridani b and warm dust
Tschudi, C., Schmid, H. M., Nowak, M., Coroller, H. L., Hunziker, S., van Holstein, R. G., Perrot, C., Mouillet, D., Augereau, J. ‐., Bazzon, A., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449442 · Cited by 5
Self-citationProtoplanetary disk insights from the first ERIS/vAPP survey at 4 μm
Maio, F., Roccatagliata, V., Fedele, D., Garufi, A., Zurlo, A., Lazzoni, C., Facchini, S., Gratton, R., Mesa, D., Toci, C., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553672 · Cited by 5
Langlois, M., Meyer, M. R., Daemgen, S., Schmid, H. M., Bazzon, A., Gisler, D., & Maire, A.-L. (2021) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000498275 · Cited by 5
Auto-RSM: An automated parameter-selection algorithm for the RSM map exoplanet detection algorithm
Dahlqvist, C.-H., Cantalloube, F., & Absil, O. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141446 · Cited by 5
Self-citationJorquera, S., Bonnefoy, M., Betti, S., Chauvin, G., Buenzli, E., Pérez, L. M., Follette, K. B., Hinz, P. M., Boccaletti, A., Bailey, V. P., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4be4 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPrasow-Émond, M., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Fogarty, K., Rameau, J., Guité, L.-S., Mawet, D. P., Gandhi, P., Rao, A., Steiner, J. F., Artigau, É., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac6d57 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPrasow-Émond, M., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Fogarty, K. W., Rameau, J., Guité, L.-S., Mawet, D. P., Gandhi, P., Rao, A. R., Steiner, J. F., Artigau, É., et al. (2021) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.85437 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLikelihood ratio map for direct exoplanet detection
Daglayan, H., Vary, S., Cantalloube, F., Absil, P.-A., & Absil, O. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Applications and Systems (IPAS) · doi:10.1109/ipas55744.2022.10052997 · Cited by 5
Self-citationThe VORTEX project: first results and perspectives
Absil, O., Mawet, D. P., Delacroix, C., Forsberg, P. S. H., Karlsson, M., Habraken, S. L., Surdej, J., Absil, P.-A., Carlomagno, B., Christiaens, V., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2055702 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLombart, M., Chauvin, G., Rojo, P., Lagadec, E., Delorme, P., Beust, H., Bonnefoy, M., Galicher, R., Gratton, R., Mesa, D., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037961 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMillisecond exoplanet imaging: II. regression equations and technical discussion
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Physically constrained causal noise models for high-contrast imaging of exoplanetsPreprint
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Sanghi, A., Mang, J. J., Llop-Sayson, J. D., Mamajek, E. E., Thompson, W., Sur, A., Beichman, C., Bryden, G., Gáspár, A., Leisenring, J., et al. (2026) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae4909 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAstrometric and photometric characterization of η Tel B combining two decades of observations
Nogueira, P. H., Lazzoni, C., Zurlo, A., Bhowmik, T., Donoso-Oliva, C., Desidera, S., Milli, J., Sebastian Perez, M., Delorme, P., Fernadez, A., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449222 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSearching for Planets Orbiting ϵ Eridani with JWST/NIRCam
Llop-Sayson, J. D., Beichman, C., Bryden, G., Ygouf, M., Gáspár, A., Thompson, W. R., Sanghi, A., Mawet, D. P., Meshkat, T., Greenbaum, A. Z., et al. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adf727 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLi, Y., Brandt, T. D., Franson, K., An, Q., Tobin, T., Currie, T., Chen, M., Wang, L., Dupuy, T. J., Bowens-Rubin, R., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1903 · Cited by 4
Characterizing Exoplanet Habitability
Robinson, T. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_67-1 · Cited by 9
Exoplanet detection in starshade images
Hu, M., Harness, A. D., Sun, H., & Kasdin, N. J. (2021) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.7.2.021214 · Cited by 4
ISPY – NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars
Godoy, N., Olofsson, J., Bayo, A., Cheetham, A. C., Launhardt, R., Chauvin, G., Kennedy, G. M., Brems, S. S., Cugno, G., Girard, J. H., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040024 · Cited by 4
Planet search with the Keck/NIRC2 vortex coronagraph in the M s band for Vega
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Companion mass limits for 17 binary systems obtained with binary differential imaging and MagAO/Clio
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SAFARI – I. A SPHERE discovery of a super metal-rich M-dwarf companion to the star HD 86006
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Occurrence Rates from Direct Imaging Surveys
Bowler, B. P., & Nielsen, E. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_155-1 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Mawet, D., Milli, J., Wahhaj, Z., Pelat, D., Absil, O., Delacroix, C., Boccaletti, A., Kasper, M., Kenworthy, M., Marois, C., Mennesson, B., & Pueyo, L.
- Affiliations
- European Southern Observatory (CL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Liège (BE)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (CA)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2014-08-21
- Volume
- 792
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2147778163
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 13.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- California Institute of Technology
- European Commission
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles
- European Southern Observatory
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Keywords
- high-contrast imaging, small sample statistics, detection threshold, confidence level, false alarm probability, inner working angle, coronagraphy, exoplanet direct imaging, statistical limitations, contrast estimation
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