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Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects
Open accessAbstract
A little-known method of measuring the volume of small objects based on Archimedes' principle is described, which involves suspending an object in a water-filled container placed on electronic scales. The suspension technique is a variation on the hydrostatic weighing technique used for measuring volume. The suspension method was compared with two other traditional water displacement methods of measuring volume, i.e. placing an object in a measuring cylinder and recording the rise in the water level and immersing the object in a water-filled container with an overflow spout to record the volume of overflow. The accuracy and precision of the three methods was compared using ten accurately machined PVC cylinders ranging in volume from 1.5 to 15.7 ml. The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively. Each measurement was repeated twice to obtain the reproducibility of the three displacement techniques. The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively. The results show that the suspension technique is more accurate and precise than the traditional water displacement methods and is more accurate than measuring volume using Vernier calliper measurements.
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16 Own result · 9 Own interpretation · 2 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
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Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
“0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Discussion
“| Suspension 0.001 ± 0.015 | 0.01 ± 0.27 1.0 | |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Discussion
“| Level | -0.14 ± 0.16 | 3.3 ± 7.1 | 0.9989 | | Overflow -0.04 ± 0.21 | -1.6 ± 7.4 | 0.999 | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Additional information
“a reproducibility of 0.04% for pycnometry compared with 0.015% for suspension”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Additional information
“A survey of the specifications of pycnometers shows that in the volume range 0-50 ml they have a typical accuracy of 0.03% and reproducibility of 0.015%.”
Citations
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Khojasteh, S. M. B., & Khameneh, R. J. (2016) · Biology and Medicine · doi:10.4172/0974-8369.1000292 · Cited by 23
“Alkaloids of DPP also have estrogenic properties [37].”
BackgroundTonné, N., Beeckman, H., Robert, E. M. R., et al. (2017) · Aquatic Botany · doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2017.01.008 · Cited by 23
Camarero, J. J. (2019) · IAWA Journal - KU Leuven/IAWA Journal · doi:10.1163/22941932-40190225 · Cited by 23
“Third, wood density (WD, g cm-3) was measured in the cores taken on the main stem following Hughes (2005).”
MethodDalum, A. S., Griffiths, D., Valen, E. C., et al. (2016) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.013 · Cited by 22
Lim, S. Y., Hsiao, S. T.-F., Lokmic‐Tomkins, Z., Sivakumaran, P., Dusting, G. J., & Dilley, R. J. (2012) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0719 · Cited by 22
“The volume of tissue constructs was determined by a volume displacement measurement method in which the water displacement due to tissue volume is determined by its weight.(23,24) A 50-mL container was filled with an isotonic sterile saline (0.”
Lopes, D., Ivanova, Y. A., Kovalevsky, A. V., et al. (2019) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135060 · Cited by 21
Filler dimensionality effect on the performance of paraffin-based phase change materials
Ohayon‐Lavi, A., Ziskind, G., & Regev, O. (2022) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.074 · Cited by 21
Zhang, M., Yu, Q., Wang, H., et al. (2022) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101639 · Cited by 21
“Density of the infiltrated composite was measured using the Archi-medes method [33].”
MethodSlater, D., & Ennos, R. (2015) · Arboricultural Journal · doi:10.1080/03071375.2015.1012876 · Cited by 21
“Their volumes were then measured within 24 h using the water displacement method (Hughes, 2005) and they were then dried in an oven at 608C for 48 h and weighed.”
MethodA technique for fast and accurate measurement of hand volumes using Archimedes’ principle
Hughes, S., & Lau, J. (2008) · Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03178454 · Cited by 21
Self-citationAn experimental study of hydrogen sorption and permeation in high-performance polyamides
Merlonghi, L., Atiq, O., Rea, R., Mangano, E., Stroeks, A., Baschetti, M. G., & Angelis, M. G. D. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.053 · Cited by 22
Precise control of oxygen for titanium-zirconium-molybdenum alloy
Li, S., Hu, P., Zuo, Y.-G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials · doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105768 · Cited by 20
Das, S., Tseng, L., Wang, L., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187647 · Cited by 20
Rogers, S. K., Carreira, J., Thompson, R. T., et al. (2019) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.07.002 · Cited by 20
Geffroy, P., Reichmann, M., Kilmann, L., et al. (2014) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2014.11.048 · Cited by 20
Effects of different doses of soy isoflavones on bone tissue of ovariectomized rats
dos Santos, M. A., Florencio‐Silva, R., Medeiros, V. P., et al. (2013) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.830606 · Cited by 19
Testicular morphology of male rats exposed to Phaleria macrocarpa (Mahkota dewa) aqueous extract.
Parhizkar, S., Zulkifli, S. B., & Dollah, M. A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Filippini, G., Bugnot, A. B., Ferguson, A. J. P., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116947 · Cited by 18
Water uptake in epoxy matrix with voids: Experiments and modeling
Abdelmola, F., & Carlsson, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Composite Materials · doi:10.1177/0021998318794857 · Cited by 18
Nishio, N., Fujimoto, Y., Hiramatsu, M., et al. (2019) · Auris Nasus Larynx · doi:10.1016/j.anl.2019.02.003 · Cited by 18
Ríos, P., Prado, E., Carvalho, F. C., Sánchez, F. J., Rodríguez‐Basalo, A., Xavier, J. R., Ibarrola, T. P., & Cristobo, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00578 · Cited by 19
Oberle, B., Dunham, K., Milo, A. M., et al. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.026 · Cited by 18
“We then measured dry mass on a digital balance (Mettler Toledo PB3002-189 S/FACT) and immediately thereafter estimated volume using the water displacement method 190 (Hughes, 2005).”
MethodAbia, A. L. K., Ubomba‐Jaswa, E., Ssemakalu, C. C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-015-1081-y · Cited by 17
“Hughes (2005) described three experiments (suspension, level and overflow methods) that demonstrate the water displacement approach for the measurement of the volume of substances and investigated the accuracy and precision of each method.”
MethodNakanishi, B. R., & Allanore, A. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1091713jes · Cited by 17
Frieß, F. V., Hu, Q., Mayer, J., et al. (2021) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.202100632 · Cited by 17
Accelerating leaf area measurement using a volumetric approach
Haghshenas, A., & Emam, Y. (2022) · Plant Methods · doi:10.1186/s13007-022-00896-w · Cited by 16
“Also utilizing the Archimedes’ principle, Hughes (2005) introduced a modified version of hydrostatic weighing, i.e. the suspension technique, for precision volumetry of small objects.”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, Stephen W
- ORCID
- Hughes, Stephen W
- Venue
- Physics Education
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2005-09-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 468-474
- ISSN
- 0031-9120 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6552
- OpenAlex
- W2024090057
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physics Education (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Social Sciences › Education › Various Chemistry Research Topics
- Keywords
- Archimedes' principle, hydrostatic weighing, volume measurement, small objects, suspension method, water displacement, electronic scale, measurement accuracy, measurement precision, reproducibility
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