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Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects
Open accessAbstract
A little-known method of measuring the volume of small objects based on Archimedes' principle is described, which involves suspending an object in a water-filled container placed on electronic scales. The suspension technique is a variation on the hydrostatic weighing technique used for measuring volume. The suspension method was compared with two other traditional water displacement methods of measuring volume, i.e. placing an object in a measuring cylinder and recording the rise in the water level and immersing the object in a water-filled container with an overflow spout to record the volume of overflow. The accuracy and precision of the three methods was compared using ten accurately machined PVC cylinders ranging in volume from 1.5 to 15.7 ml. The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively. Each measurement was repeated twice to obtain the reproducibility of the three displacement techniques. The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively. The results show that the suspension technique is more accurate and precise than the traditional water displacement methods and is more accurate than measuring volume using Vernier calliper measurements.
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16 Own result · 9 Own interpretation · 2 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
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In the paper
“The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
“0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Discussion
“| Suspension 0.001 ± 0.015 | 0.01 ± 0.27 1.0 | |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Abstract
“The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively.”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Discussion
“| Level | -0.14 ± 0.16 | 3.3 ± 7.1 | 0.9989 | | Overflow -0.04 ± 0.21 | -1.6 ± 7.4 | 0.999 | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Additional information
“a reproducibility of 0.04% for pycnometry compared with 0.015% for suspension”
§ Archimedes revisited: a faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects > Additional information
“A survey of the specifications of pycnometers shows that in the volume range 0-50 ml they have a typical accuracy of 0.03% and reproducibility of 0.015%.”
Citations
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- Halliday D, 1997, Fundamentals of Physics
- Heath T L, 2002, The Works of Archimedes
- Kirkup L, 1994, Experimental Methods
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MethodFrom identifying polymeric resins to corrosion casting applications
Reyes, P., D’hooge, D., Cardon, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.52284 · Cited by 4
Falkner, F., Mayer, S. A., Heuer, M., et al. (2023) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000010511 · Cited by 4
Finding the density of a liquid using a metre rule
Chattopadhyay, K. N. (2008) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/0031-9120/43/2/011 · Cited by 4
Three-dimensional Reconstruction and Measurement of Avian Eggs through Digital Imaging
Chowdhury, W. S., Lu, G., & Hossain, M. M. (2020) · IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129156 · Cited by 4
“The volume of each egg was also measured using the Hughes technique [19] in which the egg was suspended beneath the surface of the water in a container placed on an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.”
MethodSlater, D., & Ennos, A. R. (2016) · Arboriculture & Urban Forestry · doi:10.48044/jauf.2016.031 · Cited by 4
Archimedes remote lab for secondary schools
García-Zubía, J., Angulo, I., Martínez-Pieper, G., et al. (2015) · Experiment@International Conference · doi:10.1109/expat.2015.7463215 · Cited by 4
Ly, A., Tan, Q., Li, Y., Xin, Z., Wang, F., Erbulut, D. U., Xu, C., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114429 · Cited by 4
McIntosh, I. M., Hamada, M., Hanyu, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research · doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108427 · Cited by 3
Hussain, M. S., Goswami, S., Ghosh, K., et al. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.507 · Cited by 3
Sequential Solidification of Metal Powder by a Scanning Microwave Applicator
Shoshani, Y., Weinstein, T., Barkay, Z., & Jerby, E. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16031136 · Cited by 4
“The product density measurements, perfo med by the Archimedes revisited technique [52], resulted in ~6.”
MethodThe impact of additive manufacturing on teaching the Archimedes experiment
Kastrati, L., Uka, B., Jakupi, K., et al. (2023) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/1361-6552/acf432 · Cited by 3
The effects of hot iso-static pressing on the porosity and fatigue properties of Galfenol steels
Holsworth, D. I., & DuQuesnay, D. L. (2019) · International Journal of Fatigue · doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105325 · Cited by 3
Habib, U., Musgrave, R. J., & Meffre, S. (2021) · Australian Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1080/08120099.2021.1918246 · Cited by 3
Novel methodology for assessing biomaterial–biofluid interaction in cancellous bone
Bou‐Francis, A., Soyka, R. P. W., Ferguson, S. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.02.027 · Cited by 3
A novel approach to the sensing of liquid density using a plastic optical fibre cantilever beam
Kulkarni, A., Kim, Y., & Kim, T. (2008) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/0031-9120/44/1/009 · Cited by 3
“Measuring the absolute and relative liquid density based on the Archimedes principle has been reported by Stephen et al [1, 2 ]a nd Koenigs et al [3].”
MethodDosimetric impact of tracheostomy devices in head and neck cancer patients
Lee, J., Ramadan, S., Kim, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/acm2.12862 · Cited by 3
“The physical measurements of the density involved careful determination of flange volume using the Archimedes' principle of displacement.(23) This was followed by an accurate measurement of the objects mass with a calibrated scale.”
MethodMeasuring shrinkage of undisturbed soil peds
Shockey, M. C., Stewart, R. D., & Keim, R. F. (2021) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.1002/saj2.20318 · Cited by 3
Merlonghi, L., Gavagni, P., Atiq, O., & Baschetti, M. G. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.5c03855 · Cited by 2
Demonstrating buoyancy in waterlogged ground
Hughes, S. (2021) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/1361-6552/ac27f6 · Cited by 2
“As the beaker was progressively lowered, the reading of the balance increased in accordance with Archimedes’ principle (Hughes 2005), transmitting the upward buoyant force to the balance.”
Self-citationDiversification and trait evolution in New Zealand woody lineages across changing biomes
Dale, E. E., Larcombe, M. J., Potter, B. C. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2022.2108071 · Cited by 2
“Measurements followed the methods of Cornelissen et al. (2003), except stem volume was determined using the suspension technique (Hughes 2005).”
MethodLiu, C., Zhang, L., Shi, X., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1368156 · Cited by 2
A no cost method for finding the density of liquids
Chattopadhyay, K. N. (2012) · Cited by 2
Malladi, A., Battapady, H. D., Hampton, R. M., & Jing, S. (2020) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109474 · Cited by 2
Ni, A., Prabhakar, M. N., Suk, I.-H., et al. (2021) · Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines · doi:10.1080/15397734.2021.1919525 · Cited by 2
“The density was measured following the procedure described by Hughes (2005).”
MethodMamut, J., Chen, K., Baskin, C. C., et al. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12101950 · Cited by 2
“the influence of surface tension and to simulate water movement [39,64].”
BackgroundHughes, S., & Pearce, D. J. (2015) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/6/065033 · Cited by 2
Self-citationWooden hoof blocks: are we using the right wood?
Ranjbar, S., Rabiee, A. R., Reynolds, M. A., et al. (2021) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2020.1850368 · Cited by 2
“A cube of each type of block (1 cm3) was cut to measure the density of blocks using a modified hydrostatic weighing technique based on Archimedes’ principle (Hughes 2005).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, Stephen W
- ORCID
- Hughes, Stephen W
- Venue
- Physics Education
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2005-09-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 468-474
- ISSN
- 0031-9120 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6552
- OpenAlex
- W2024090057
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physics Education (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Social Sciences › Education › Various Chemistry Research Topics
- Keywords
- Archimedes' principle, hydrostatic weighing, volume measurement, small objects, suspension method, water displacement, electronic scale, measurement accuracy, measurement precision, reproducibility
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