Cited by 88Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesBlack Holes and Theoretical PhysicsRelativity and Gravitational Theory

A gravitational entropy proposal

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Clifton, Timothy, Ellis, George F R, Tavakol, Reza·2013·Classical and Quantum Gravity

Abstract

We propose a thermodynamically motivated measure of gravitational entropy based on the Bel–Robinson tensor, which has a natural interpretation as the effective super-energy–momentum tensor of free gravitational fields. The specific form of this measure differs depending on whether the gravitational field is Coulomb-like or wave-like, and reduces to the Bekenstein–Hawking value when integrated over the interior of a Schwarzschild black hole. For scalar perturbations of a Robertson–Walker geometry we find that the entropy goes like the Hubble weighted anisotropy of the gravitational field, and therefore increases as structure formation occurs. This is in keeping with our expectations for the behaviour of gravitational entropy in cosmology, and provides a thermodynamically motivated arrow of time for cosmological solutions of Einstein's field equations. It is also in keeping with Penrose's Weyl curvature hypothesis.

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Crossref · 10.1088/0264-9381/30/12/125009

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  • It is commonly assumed that gravitational entropy should be associated with the Weyl degrees of freedom and increase in the course of gravitational clumping.

    “As mentioned before, there is no generally accepted notion of gravitational entropy, but it is commonly assumed that such an entropy should be associated with the Weyl degrees of freedom and increase in course of gravitational clumping [42].”
  • This is coherent with Penrose's argumentation but clashes with the proposal for gravitational entropy in [42] based on a formal analogy with classical thermodynamics.

    “This is coherent with the argumentation provided by Penrose [20], but it clashes with the proposal for gravitational entropy, put forward in [42], based on a formal analogy with the classical laws of thermodynamics.”
  • For a static point-like quantum system of mass m, its gravitational field is described by the Schwarzschild metric, and the prescription of [42] yields dim H_G = e^{4π(m/m_Pl)^2}, in coherence with (4.7).

    “It is instructive to analyse a static point-like quantum system of mass m.Its gravitational field is then described by the Schwarzschild metric [75], hence the prescription of [42] yields the formula dim H G = e 4π(m/m Pl ) 2 , in coherence with (4.7).”
  • This harmonises with the assumption that gravitational degrees of freedom are associated with the Weyl tensor, which does not affect energy-momentum conservation.

    “Notably, this harmonises with the assumption that gravitational degrees of freedom shall be associated with the Weyl tensor, which does not affect the energymomentum conservation [42].”

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Authors
Clifton, T., Ellis, G. F. R., & Tavakol, R.
Affiliations
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • University of Cape Town (ZA)
Corresponding author
Clifton, Timothy
Venue
Classical and Quantum Gravity
Published
2013-05-16
Volume
30
Issue
12
Pages
125009
ISSN
  • 0264-9381 (ISSN-L)
  • 1361-6382
OpenAlex
W2015900071
Cited by
88
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
FWCI
5.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Classical and Quantum Gravity (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Dalhousie University
  • University of Cape Town
  • Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/H005048/1, ST/H005048/2, ST/J001546/1)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Keywords
gravitational entropy, Bel-Robinson tensor, Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Schwarzschild black hole, arrow of time, Weyl curvature hypothesis, anisotropic cosmology, structure formation, scalar perturbations, cosmological entropy

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