Micro-Raman thermometry of thermal flexure actuators
Open accessAbstract
Micro-Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a valuable tool for obtaining temperature measurements in active semiconductor and MEMS devices. By using the temperature-calibrated response of the polysilicon Raman signature, we have obtained spatially resolved temperature measurements of U-shaped electro-thermal actuators. Both the peak position and the line width of the characteristic Raman peak have been used as temperature metrics. The measured thermal profiles are further compared to numerical models of the electro-thermal response of the devices as designed and fabricated. The obtained thermal profiles are in qualitative agreement with published modeled thermal profiles of similar devices and are within 15 °C of our modeled profiles. These measurements represent the first reported experimental temperature profile measurements for flexure type actuators and can be used to validate the existing models. Moreover, the comparison of line width and position-based temperatures are in good agreement, differing slightly over the flexure regions of the device.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Agreement among SSERT measurements, comparison to Raman thermometry, and continuum multiphysics modeling provides confidence in the SSERT measurements and repeatability across test structures.
“The agreement amongst SSERT measurements, along with comparison to Raman thermometry [37,38] measurements and continuum multiphysics modeling not presented here, provides confidence in the SSERT measurements and repeatability across test structures.”
From Mean Free Path Effects on the Experimentally Measured Thermal Conductivity of Single-Crystal Silicon Microbridges (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Anharmonic effects in light scattering due to optical phonons in silicon
Balkanski, M., Wallis, R. F., & Haro‐Poniatowski, E. (1983) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.28.1928 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Temperature Dependence of Raman Scattering in Silicon
Hart, T. R., Aggarwal, R. L., & Lax, B. (1970) · Physical review. B, Solid state · doi:10.1103/physrevb.1.638 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Bent-beam electrothermal actuators-Part I: Single beam and cascaded devices
Que, L., Park, J., & Gianchandani, Y. B. (2001) · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems · doi:10.1109/84.925771 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Analysis and design of polysilicon thermal flexure actuator
Huang, Q., & Lee, N. K. S. (1999) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/9/1/308 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
IC-Compatible Polysilicon Surface Micromachining
Sniegowski, J. J., & Boer, M. P. (2000) · Annual Review of Materials Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.299 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Thermo-magnetic metal flexure actuators
Guckel, H., Klein, J., Christenson, T. R., Skrobis, K. J., Laudon, M. F., & Lovell, E. G. (2003) · Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop (Hilton Head Workshop) · doi:10.1109/solsen.1992.228273 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Applications for surface-micromachined polysilicon thermal actuators and arrays
Comtois, J. H., & Bright, V. M. (1997) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(97)80220-8 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Lott, C. D., McLain, T. W., Harb, J. N., & Howell, L. L. (2002) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(02)00202-9 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Temperature dependence of silicon Raman lines
Tsu, R., & Hernández, J. (1982) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.93394 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Comtois, J. H., Michalicek, M. A., & Barron, C. C. (1998) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(98)00108-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Temperature distribution in Si-MOSFETs studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy
Ostermeir, R., Brunner, K. H., Abstreiter, G., & Weber, W. M. (1992) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/16.127476 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Analytical modeling and optimization for a laterally-driven polysilicon thermal actuator
Huang, Q., & Lee, N. K. S. (1999) · Microsystem Technologies · doi:10.1007/s005420050152 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Spatially Resolved Temperature Mapping of Electrothermal Actuators by Surface Raman Scattering
Kearney, S. P., Phinney, L. M., & Baker, M. S. (2006) · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems · doi:10.1109/jmems.2006.872233 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationComtois, J. H., Michalicek, M. A., & Barron, C. C. (2002) · International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems · doi:10.1109/sensor.1997.635213 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Numerical simulation of a polysilicon thermal flexure actuator
Kuang, Y., Huang, Q., & Lee, N. K. S. (2002) · Microsystem Technologies · doi:10.1007/s00542-002-0096-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Electrostatic scanning micromirrors using localized plastic deformation of silicon
Kim, J., & Lin, L. (2005) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/15/9/021 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Guckel H, Klein J, Christenson T, Skrobis K, Laundon M and Lovell E G 1992 IEEE Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop pp 73-5
- Comtois J H, Michalicek M A and Barron C C 1997 Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (Chicago, IL) pp 769-72
- Abel M R, Wright T L, Sunden E O, Graham S and King W P 2005 Proc. 21st IEEE SEMI-THERM Symp. (San Jose, CA)
- Abel M R and Graham S 2005 Proc. ASME InterPack2005 (San Francisco, CA) IPACK2005-73088
- Abel M R 2005 Master's Thesis The Georgia Institute of Technology, GA
- Conant R A and Muller R S 1998 ASME Int. Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (Anaheim, CA) vol 66 pp 273-7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Temperature calibration of heated silicon atomic force microscope cantilevers
Nelson, B. A., & King, W. P. (2007) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2007.06.008 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Micro-Raman spectroscopy measurement of stress in silicon
Wu, X., Yu, J., Ren, T., & Liu, L. (2006) · Microelectronics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2006.09.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Low‐Voltage Soft Actuators for Interactive Human–Machine Interfaces
Chen, S., Tan, M., Gong, X., & Lee, P. S. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100075 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wang, R., Xu, S., Yue, Y., & Wang, X. (2020) · International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing · doi:10.1088/2631-7990/aba17c · Cited by 46 · see citing works
On heat transfer at microscale with implications for microactuator design
Ozsun, O., Alaca, B. E., Yalcinkaya, A. D., Yılmaz, M., Zervas, M., & Leblebici, Y. (2009) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/19/4/045020 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Electrothermal effects at the microscale and their consequences on system design
Jungen, A., Pfenninger, M., Tonteling, M., Stampfer, C., & Hierold, C. (2006) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/16/8/027 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Veber, A. A., Cicconi, M. R., Reinfelder, H., & de Ligny, D. (2017) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.045 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Serrano, J. R., Phinney, L. M., & Rogers, J. W. (2009) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.12.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThermal Contact Calibration Between a Thermocouple Probe and a Microhotplate
Thiéry, L., Toullier, S., Teyssieux, D., & Briand, D. (2008) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.2943306 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
High spatial resolution Raman thermometry analysis of TiO2 microparticles
Lundt, N., Kelly, S. T., Rödel, T. C., Remez, B., Schwartzberg, A. M., Ceballos, A., Baldasseroni, C., Anastasi, P. A. F., Cox, M., Hellman, F., et al. (2013) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4824355 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Microscale Spatially Resolved Thermal Response of Si Nanotip to Laser Irradiation
Chen, X., & Wang, X. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp2070979 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Displacement and Thermal Performance of Laser-Heated Asymmetric MEMS Actuators
Serrano, J. R., & Phinney, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems · doi:10.1109/jmems.2007.911945 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic Thermal Characterization of MEMS Electrothermal Actuators in Air
Cao, Y., Liu, H., Chen, H., Zhu, H., Nie, W., & Xi, Z. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3076302 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wight, N. M., Acosta, E., Vijayaraghavan, R. K., McNally, P. J., Smirnov, V., & Bennett, N. S. (2017) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vutukuru, M., Christopher, J. W., Pollock, C., Bishop, D. J., & Swan, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems · doi:10.1109/jmems.2019.2902757 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Paparoni, F., Cicco, A. D., Minicucci, M., Mijit, E., & Rezvani, S. J. (2024) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c03361 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
English, T. S., Phinney, L. M., Hopkins, P. E., & Serrano, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Heat Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.4024357 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationTime-Resolved Micro-Raman Thermometry for Microsystems in Motion
Serrano, J. R., & Kearney, S. P. (2008) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.2976552 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMetrology of gan electronics using micro-raman spectroscopy
Beechem, T. E. (2008) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Local measurements of domain wall-induced self-heating in released PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films
Lundh, J. S., Zhu, W., Song, Y., Ko, S. W., Fragkiadakis, C., Mardilovich, P. P., Trolier-McKinstry, S. E., & Choi, S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0029582 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Integrated temperature mapping of lateral gallium nitride electronics
Lundh, J. S., Chatterjee, B., Dallas, J., Kim, H., & Choi, S. (2017) · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/itherm.2017.7992488 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Raman Scattering Characterization of Transparent Thin Film for Thermal Conductivity Measurement
Huang, S., Ruan, X., Zou, J. T., Fu, X., & Yang, H. (2009) · Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer · doi:10.2514/1.40976 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Temperature Measurement of Microdevices using Thermoreflectance and Raman Thermometry
Beechem, T. E., & Graham, S. L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46283-7_6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Precise Thermography of Microsystems in the Visible Region using a Standard CCD Camera
Teyssieux, D., Thiéry, L., Cretin, B., Briand, D., & de Rooij, N. F. (2007) · Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ... · doi:10.1109/icsens.2007.4388554 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Noncontact surface thermometry for microsystems: LDRD final report.
Abel, M. R., Beecham, T., Graham, S. L., Kearney, S. P., Serrano, J. R., & Phinney, L. M. (2006) · doi:10.2172/899367 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationThermomechanical measurements on thermal microactuators.
Baker, M., Epp, D. S., Serrano, J. R., Gorby, A. D., & Phinney, L. M. (2009) · doi:10.2172/976937 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMicro-Raman measurement of thickness in microelectromechanical silicon structures
Wu, X., Yu, J., Ren, T., & Liu, L. (2007) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/6/003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sayer, R. A., Piekos, E. S., & Phinney, L. M. (2012) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4769059 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRaman and Infrared Thermometry for Microsystems
Phinney, L. M., Lu, W., & Serrano, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications · doi:10.1115/1.4023395 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationLeslie, M., Michael, S., & Justin, R. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analytical review of methods and means of measuring the temperature of small sizes objects
Kryvenchuk, Y. P., & Kryvenchuk, U. (2017) · Measuring Equipment and Metrology · doi:10.23939/istcmtm2017.78.025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thermal Calibration of Heated Silicon Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers
Nelson, B. A., & King, W. P. (2007) · International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems · doi:10.1109/sensor.2007.4300203 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substrate dependence of the self-heating in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) MEMS actuators
Song, Y., Kang, K., Tipsawat, P., Cheng, C., Zhu, W., Labella, M., Choi, S., & Trolier-McKinstry, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0204385 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Spatially resolved thickness analysis of microscale structures using micro-Raman spectroscopy
Wu, X., Ren, T., Liu, L., & Yu, J. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2396908 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thermal metrology techniques for ultraviolet light emitting diodes
Natarajan, S. (2012) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effective thermoelectric performance in silicon by defect engineering
Wight, N. M. (2019) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sukas, Ö. Ş., Liu, J., & Bøggild, P. (2009) · doi:10.1115/imece2009-12932
Optical Testing of Polycrystalline Silicon Flexure-Type Optical Actuators
Serrano, J. R., & Phinney, L. M. (2006) · doi:10.1115/imece2006-14950
Self-citation
- Authors
- Serrano, J. R., Phinney, L. M., & Kearney, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Sandia National Laboratories (US)
- ORCID
- Kearney, S P
- Venue
- Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2006-04-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1128-1134
- ISSN
- 0960-1317 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6439
- OpenAlex
- W2106363289
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE–AC04–94AL85000, AC04-94AL85000)
- National Nuclear Security Administration (DE-AC04- 94AL85000)
- Laboratory Directed Research and Development (DE-AC04–94AL85000)
- Sandia National Laboratories (94AL85000, DEAC04-94AL85000, AC04-94AL85000)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Mechanical and Optical Resonators
- Keywords
- electrothermal actuator, temperature profile measurement, Raman peak position
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review